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1 group discussion
Mktga research technique in which groups of people discuss attitudes to a product or organization -
2 DG
1) Авиация: Directional Cyro2) Морской термин: опасный груз (Dangerous Goods( IMO cargo type classification))3) Американизм: Documentation Guideline4) Латинский язык: Dei Gratia5) Военный термин: Defense Guidance, Director-General, Double Gun, Dragoon Guards, distinguished graduate, начальник службы6) Техника: Directorate-General, deception generator, diesel generator, diesel-engine generator, differential gain, differential generator, directional grid, display generator, double gear, double-groove insulators7) Шутливое выражение: Dog-Gone8) Анатомия: dentate gyrus9) Страхование: Degaussing10) Грубое выражение: Dirty Girls, Dumb Guy11) Оптика: diode gate12) Сокращение: Dei Gratia (by the grace of God), Directional Gyro, Director General (UK), Director General, Directorate General, disk grind, dogged, double-groove (insulators)13) Вычислительная техника: Data General, Data General (Corporate name), Dei Gratia (by the grace of God)14) Литература: District Governor15) Нефть: development gas well, dry gas, двойная зубчатая передача (double gear), эксплуатационная газовая скважина (development gas well)16) Биохимия: Diacylglycerols17) Воздухоплавание: Directional Gyroscope18) Деловая лексика: Dig Grave, Dynamic Goal, канцелярия генерального директора (directorate-general)20) Сетевые технологии: datagram, датаграмма, дейтаграмма21) Автоматика: dog22) Энергосистемы: distributed generation23) Электротехника: digital governor24) Имена и фамилии: Daniel Gautier, David Gilmour25) Чат: Discussion Group, Discussion Groups26) NYSE. Dollar General Corporation27) СМС: Don't Get.... -
3 Dg
1) Авиация: Directional Cyro2) Морской термин: опасный груз (Dangerous Goods( IMO cargo type classification))3) Американизм: Documentation Guideline4) Латинский язык: Dei Gratia5) Военный термин: Defense Guidance, Director-General, Double Gun, Dragoon Guards, distinguished graduate, начальник службы6) Техника: Directorate-General, deception generator, diesel generator, diesel-engine generator, differential gain, differential generator, directional grid, display generator, double gear, double-groove insulators7) Шутливое выражение: Dog-Gone8) Анатомия: dentate gyrus9) Страхование: Degaussing10) Грубое выражение: Dirty Girls, Dumb Guy11) Оптика: diode gate12) Сокращение: Dei Gratia (by the grace of God), Directional Gyro, Director General (UK), Director General, Directorate General, disk grind, dogged, double-groove (insulators)13) Вычислительная техника: Data General, Data General (Corporate name), Dei Gratia (by the grace of God)14) Литература: District Governor15) Нефть: development gas well, dry gas, двойная зубчатая передача (double gear), эксплуатационная газовая скважина (development gas well)16) Биохимия: Diacylglycerols17) Воздухоплавание: Directional Gyroscope18) Деловая лексика: Dig Grave, Dynamic Goal, канцелярия генерального директора (directorate-general)20) Сетевые технологии: datagram, датаграмма, дейтаграмма21) Автоматика: dog22) Энергосистемы: distributed generation23) Электротехника: digital governor24) Имена и фамилии: Daniel Gautier, David Gilmour25) Чат: Discussion Group, Discussion Groups26) NYSE. Dollar General Corporation27) СМС: Don't Get.... -
4 dg
1) Авиация: Directional Cyro2) Морской термин: опасный груз (Dangerous Goods( IMO cargo type classification))3) Американизм: Documentation Guideline4) Латинский язык: Dei Gratia5) Военный термин: Defense Guidance, Director-General, Double Gun, Dragoon Guards, distinguished graduate, начальник службы6) Техника: Directorate-General, deception generator, diesel generator, diesel-engine generator, differential gain, differential generator, directional grid, display generator, double gear, double-groove insulators7) Шутливое выражение: Dog-Gone8) Анатомия: dentate gyrus9) Страхование: Degaussing10) Грубое выражение: Dirty Girls, Dumb Guy11) Оптика: diode gate12) Сокращение: Dei Gratia (by the grace of God), Directional Gyro, Director General (UK), Director General, Directorate General, disk grind, dogged, double-groove (insulators)13) Вычислительная техника: Data General, Data General (Corporate name), Dei Gratia (by the grace of God)14) Литература: District Governor15) Нефть: development gas well, dry gas, двойная зубчатая передача (double gear), эксплуатационная газовая скважина (development gas well)16) Биохимия: Diacylglycerols17) Воздухоплавание: Directional Gyroscope18) Деловая лексика: Dig Grave, Dynamic Goal, канцелярия генерального директора (directorate-general)20) Сетевые технологии: datagram, датаграмма, дейтаграмма21) Автоматика: dog22) Энергосистемы: distributed generation23) Электротехника: digital governor24) Имена и фамилии: Daniel Gautier, David Gilmour25) Чат: Discussion Group, Discussion Groups26) NYSE. Dollar General Corporation27) СМС: Don't Get.... -
5 Schiedsrichterausbilder
■ UEFA-Ausbilder, der unter anderem Schiedsrichter im Rahmen von nationalen Kursen in Übereinstimmung mit den Spielregeln und den von der Unterkommission für Aus-, Weiterbildung und Entwicklung erlassenen Richtlinien schult und instruiert, die UEFA-Schiedsrichterkommission durch das Leiten von Sitzungen oder Diskussionsgruppen bei UEFA-Schiedsrichterseminaren sowie den Ausschuss für Richtlinien im Schiedsrichterwesen unterstützt, indem er UEFA-Mitgliedsverbände während des Aufnahmeverfahrens für die Schiedsrichterkonvention begleitet und berät.■ A UEFA instructor whose main duties are to train and instruct referees in national courses, in accordance with the Laws of the Game and the guidelines issued by the Referees Committee's Sub-Committee for Instruction, Education and Development, to support the UEFA Referees Committee by running sessions or leading discussion groups during UEFA eferee seminars, and to support the Refereeing Guidelines Panel by assisting and supporting UEFA member associations during the Referee Convention admission process.German-english football dictionary > Schiedsrichterausbilder
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6 community
E-coma group of Internet users with a shared interest or concept who interact with each other in newsgroups, mailing-list discussion groups, and other online interactive forums -
7 crossposting
E-comthe act of posting the same Internet messages into several different news or discussion groups at the same time -
8 buzz group
Gen Mgta small discussion group formed for a specific task such as generating ideas, solving problems, or reaching a common viewpoint on a topic within a specific period of time. The use of buzz groups was first associated with J. D. Phillips and is sometimes known as the Phillips 66 technique. Large groups may be divided into buzz groups after an initial presentation in order to cover different aspects of a topic or maximize participation. Each group appoints a spokesperson to report the results of the discussion to the larger group. Buzz groups are a form of brainstorming. -
9 group
1. noun1) Gruppe, die; attrib. Gruppen[verhalten, -dynamik, -therapie, -diskussion]2) (Commerc.) [Unternehmens]gruppe, die3) see academic.ru/108095/pop_group">pop group2. transitive verb* * *[ɡru:p] 1. noun1) (a number of persons or things together: a group of boys.) die Gruppe2. verb(to form into a group or groups: The children grouped round the teacher.) sich gruppieren* * *[gru:p]I. nI'm meeting a \group of friends for dinner ich treffe mich mit ein paar Freunden zum Essenwe'll split the class into \groups of four or five wir werden die Klasse in Vierer- oder Fünfergruppen aufteilen\group of trees Baumgruppe fto get into \groups sich akk in Gruppen zusammentunin \groups in Gruppen, gruppenweise\group photo Gruppenfoto nt, Gruppenaufnahme f\group sex Gruppensex m\group work Gruppenarbeit f, Teamarbeit fIII. vt▪ to \group sth etw gruppierenthe magazines were \grouped according to subject matter die Zeitschriften waren nach Themenbereichen geordnetthe books were \grouped by size die Bücher waren nach der Größe sortiert▪ to \group sb:I \grouped the children according to age ich habe die Kinder dem Alter nach in Gruppen eingeteiltto \group together sich akk zusammentun* * *[gruːp]1. nGruppe f; (COMM ALSO) Konzern m; (= theatre group also) Ensemble nta group of houses/trees — eine Häuser-/Baumgruppe
to form a group around sb/sth — sich um jdn/etw gruppieren
2. attrGruppen-; living, activities in der Gruppe or Gemeinschaft3. vtgruppierento group together (in one group) — zusammentun; (in several groups)
pupils are grouped according to age and ability — die Schüler werden nach Alter und Fähigkeiten in Gruppen eingeteilt
it's wrong to group all criminals together — es ist nicht richtig, alle Verbrecher über einen Kamm zu scheren or in einen Topf zu werfen (inf)
group the blue ones with the red ones —
they grouped themselves round him — sie stellten sich um ihn (herum) auf, sie gruppierten sich um ihn
the books were grouped on the shelf according to subject — die Bücher standen nach Sachgruppen geordnet im Regal
* * *group [ɡruːp]A s1. allg Gruppe f:group of buildings Gebäudekomplex m;group of islands Inselgruppe;group of trees Baumgruppe;in groups gruppenweise2. fig Gruppe f, Kreis m3. PARLa) Gruppe f (Partei mit zuwenig Abgeordneten für eine Fraktion)b) Fraktion f5. LING Sprachengruppe f6. GEOL Formationsgruppe f7. MILa) Gruppe fb) Kampfgruppe f (2 oder mehr Bataillone)d) FLUG US Gruppe f, Br Geschwader n8. MUSb) Notengruppe fB v/t1. gruppieren, anordnengroup with in dieselbe Gruppe einordnen wie3. zu einer Gruppe zusammenstellenC v/i1. sich gruppieren2. passen ( with zu)* * *1. noun1) Gruppe, die; attrib. Gruppen[verhalten, -dynamik, -therapie, -diskussion]group of houses/islands/trees — Häuser-/Insel-/Baumgruppe, die
2) (Commerc.) [Unternehmens]gruppe, die2. transitive verb* * *n.Gesellschaft f.Gruppe -n f. v.gruppieren v. -
10 group
nгруппа, группировка, фракция- ad hoc group
- advisory group
- affinity group
- age group
- anarchist group
- anti-nazi group
- appraisal group
- armed group
- breakaway group
- business group
- ceasefire monitoring group
- clandestine group
- conflicting groups
- Congress I group
- conservation group
- coordinating group
- debate group
- Democratic Study Group
- development group
- discussion group
- dissident group
- economic group
- engineering policy group
- environmental group
- ethnic group
- expert group
- extremist group
- forecasting group
- ginger group
- group dwindled
- group fragmented
- Group of Seven
- Group of Six
- group split
- human rights group
- influential group
- informal group
- inter-regional deputies' group
- joint group
- leading group
- left-wing group
- main resistance groups
- Manifesto group
- minority group
- mixed ethnic groups
- monitoring group
- national group
- nationalist group
- occupational group
- opposition group
- pacifist group
- paramilitary group
- party's parliamentary group
- peace group
- peer group
- planning group
- policy group
- political group
- pressure group
- pro-fascist group
- professional group
- pro-independence group
- race group
- rebel group
- regional group
- religious group
- resistance group
- rightist group
- rival groups
- ruling group
- self-defense group
- social group
- socioeconomic group
- special interest group
- splinter group
- statistic group
- study group
- support group
- supremacy group
- talk group
- terrorist group
- the brains behind the group
- tourist group
- ultra-conservative group
- ultra-national group
- umbrella group
- underground group
- unofficial group
- veterans group
- vigilante group
- working group -
11 in
1. prepositionin the fields — auf den Feldern
shot/wounded in the leg — ins Bein geschossen/am Bein verwundet
in brown shoes — mit braunen Schuhen
3) (with respect to)a change in attitude — eine Änderung der Einstellung; see also academic.ru/34615/herself">herself 1); itself 1)
4) (as a proportionate part of)eight dogs in ten — acht von zehn Hunden; see also gradient
be in the Scouts — bei den Pfadfindern sein
be employed in the Civil Service — als Beamter/Beamtin beschäftigt sein
there are three feet in a yard — ein Yard hat drei Fuß
what is there in this deal for me? — was springt für mich bei dem Geschäft heraus? (ugs.)
there is nothing/not much or little in it — (difference) da ist kein/kein großer Unterschied [zwischen ihnen]
there is something in what you say — an dem, was Sie sagen, ist etwas dran (ugs.)
7) (expr. identity) in (+ Dat.)have a faithful friend in somebody — an jemandem einen treuen Freund haben
8) (concerned with) in (+ Dat.)he's in politics — er ist Politiker
9)be [not] in it — (as competitor) [nicht] dabei od. im Rennen sein
in this way — auf diese Weise; so
a dress in velvet — ein Kleid aus Samt
this sofa is also available in leather/blue — dieses Sofa gibt es auch in Leder/Blau
draw in crayon/ink — etc. mit Kreide/Tinte usw. zeichnen; see also English 2. 1)
in fog/rain — etc. bei Nebel/Regen usw.
in the eighties/nineties — in den Achtzigern/Neunzigern
4 o'clock in the morning/afternoon — 4 Uhr morgens/abends
in 1990 — [im Jahre] 1990
12) (after a period of) in (+ Dat.)in three minutes/years — in drei Minuten/Jahren
13) (within the ability of)have it in one [to do something] — fähig sein [, etwas zu tun]
I didn't know you had it in you — das hätte ich dir nicht zugetraut
there is no malice in him — er hat nichts Bösartiges an sich (Dat.)
14)15)2. adverbin doing this — (by so doing) indem jemand das tut/tat; dadurch
is everyone in? — sind alle drin? (ugs.)
‘In’ — "Einfahrt"/"Eingang"
he's been in and out all day — er war den ganzen Tag über mal da und mal nicht da
3) (included) darin; drin (ugs.)cost £50 all in — 50 Pfund kosten, alles inbegriffen
4) (inward) innen5) (in fashion) in (ugs.); in Mode6) (elected)be in — [Zug, Schiff, Ware, Bewerbung:] da sein; [Ernte:] eingebracht sein
8)somebody is in for something — (about to undergo something) jemandem steht etwas bevor; (taking part in something) jemand nimmt an etwas (Dat.) teil
we're in for it now! — (coll.) jetzt blüht uns was! (ugs.)
9) (coll.): (as participant, accomplice, observer, etc.)be in on the secret/discussion — in das Geheimnis eingeweiht sein/bei der Diskussion dabei sein
3. attributive adjectivebe [well] in with somebody — mit jemandem [gut] auskommen
(fashionable) Mode-the in crowd — die Clique, die gerade in ist (ugs.)
4. nounin joke — Insiderwitz, der
* * *(in(to) usually small pieces: The broken mirror lay in bits on the floor; He loves taking his car to bits.) in Stücke* * *in[ɪn]I. PREPOSITIONthe butter is \in the fridge die Butter ist im KühlschrankI live \in New York/Germany ich lebe in New York/Deutschlandhe read it \in the paper er hat es in der Zeitung gelesensoak it \in warm water lassen Sie es in warmem Wasser einweichenI've got a pain \in my back ich habe Schmerzen im Rückenwho's the woman \in that painting? wer ist die Frau auf diesem Bild?he is deaf \in his left ear er hört auf dem linken Ohr nichtsdown below \in the valley unten im Tal\in a savings account auf einem Sparkontoto lie in bed/the sun im Bett/in der Sonne liegento ride \in a car [im] Auto fahrento be \in hospital im Krankenhaus seinto be \in prison im Gefängnis seinto be \in a prison in einem Gefängnis sein (als Besucher)\in the street auf der StraßeI just put too much milk \in my coffee ich habe zu viel Milch in meinen Kaffee getanhe went \in the rain er ging hinaus in den Regenslice the potatoes \in two schneiden Sie die Kartoffel einmal durchto get \in the car ins Auto steigento invest \in the future in die Zukunft investierento invest one's savings \in stocks seine Ersparnisse in Aktien anlegento get \in trouble Schwierigkeiten bekommen, in Schwierigkeiten geratenis Erika still \in school? ist Erika noch auf der Schule?Boris is \in college Boris ist auf dem Collegehe was a singer \in a band er war Sänger in einer Bandthere are 31 days in March der März hat 31 Tageget together \in groups of four! bildet Vierergruppen!you're with us \in our thoughts wir denken an dich, in Gedanken sind wir bei dirhe cried out \in pain er schrie vor Schmerzenhe always drinks \in excess er trinkt immer zu viel\in anger im Zorndark \in colour dunkelfarbigdifference \in quality Qualitätsunterschied mto be \in [no] doubt [nicht] zweifeln [o im Zweifel sein]\in his excitement in seiner Begeisterung\in horror voller Entsetzen\in all honesty in aller Aufrichtigkeitto be \in a hurry es eilig habento be \in love [with sb] [in jdn] verliebt seinto fall \in love [with sb] sich akk [in jdn] verliebento live \in luxury im Luxus lebento be \in in a good mood guter Laune sein\in private vertraulichto put sth \in order etw in Ordnung bringen\in a state of panic in Panik\in secret im Geheimen, heimlichto tell sb sth \in all seriousness jdm etw in vollem Ernst sagen, in + datit was covered \in dirt es war mit Schmutz überzogento pay \in cash [in] bar bezahlento pay \in dollars mit [o in] Dollar zahlento write \in ink/pencil mit Tinte/Bleistift schreibento paint \in oils in Öl malen\in writing schriftlichMozart's Piano Concerto \in E flat Mozarts Klavierkonzert in E-Moll\in English/French/German auf Englisch/Französisch/Deutschto listen to music \in stereo Musik stereo hörento speak \in a loud/small voice mit lauter/leiser Stimme sprechento talk \in a whisper sehr leise reden, mit Flüsterstimme sprechen, in + dathe's getting forgetful \in his old age er wird vergesslich auf seine alten Tageshe assisted the doctor \in the operation sie assistierte dem Arzt bei der Operation\in 1968 [im Jahre] 1968\in the end am Ende, schließlichto be with the Lord \in eternity bei Gott im Himmel seinto be \in one's forties in den Vierzigern sein\in March/May im März/Mai\in the morning/afternoon/evening morgens [o am Morgen] /nachmittags [o am Nachmittag] /abends [o am Abend]\in the late 60s in den späten Sechzigern\in spring/summer/autumn/winter im Frühling/Sommer/Herbst/Winterdinner will be ready \in ten minutes das Essen ist in zehn Minuten fertigI'll be ready \in a week's time in einer Woche werde ich fertig seinhe learnt to drive \in two weeks in [o innerhalb von] zwei Wochen konnte er Auto fahrento return \in a few minutes/hours/days in einigen Minuten/Stunden/Tagen zurückkommen\in record time in Rekordzeitshe hasn't heard from him \in six months sie hat seit sechs Monaten nichts mehr von ihm gehörtI haven't done that \in a long time ich habe das lange Zeit nicht mehr gemachtI haven't seen her \in years ich habe sie seit Jahren nicht gesehenthe house should be coming up \in about one mile das Haus müsste nach einer Meile auftauchen12. (job, profession)he's \in computers er hat mit Computern zu tunshe's \in business/politics sie ist Geschäftsfrau/Politikerinshe works \in publishing sie arbeitet bei einem Verlagto enlist \in the army sich akk als Soldat verpflichtenhe was all \in black er war ganz in Schwarzyou look nice \in green Grün steht dirthe woman \in the hat die Frau mit dem Hutthe man [dressed] \in the grey suit der Mann in dem grauen Anzugto be \in disguise verkleidet sein\in the nude nacktto sunbathe \in the nude nackt sonnenbadento be \in uniform Uniform tragen14. (result) als\in conclusion schließlich, zum Schluss\in exchange als Ersatz, dafür\in fact tatsächlich, in Wirklichkeit\in that... ( form) insofern alsI was fortunate \in that I had friends ich hatte Glück, weil ich Freunde hatte\in attempting to save the child, he nearly lost his own life bei dem Versuch, das Kind zu retten, kam er beinahe selbst um\in refusing to work abroad, she missed a good job weil sie sich weigerte, im Ausland zu arbeiten, entging ihr ein guter Job\in saying this, I will offend him wenn ich das sage, würde ich ihn beleidigen\in doing so dabei, damittemperatures tomorrow will be \in the mid-twenties die Temperaturen werden sich morgen um 25 Grad bewegenhe's about six foot \in height er ist ungefähr zwei Meter großa novel \in 3 parts ein Roman in 3 Teilenpeople died \in their thousands die Menschen starben zu Tausendento be equal \in weight gleich viel wiegen\in total insgesamtthe potatoes are twenty pence \in the pound die Kartoffeln kosten zwanzig Pence pro Pfundshe has a one \in three chance ihre Chancen stehen eins zu dreione \in ten people jeder zehnteto interfere \in sb's business sich akk in jds Angelegenheiten einmischento share \in sb's success an jds Erfolg teilnehmen19. after nshe underwent a change \in style sie hat ihren Stil geändertshe had no say \in the decision sie hatte keinen Einfluss auf die Entscheidungto have confidence \in sb jdm vertrauen, Vertrauen zu jdm haben20. (in a person)▪ \in sb mit jdmwe're losing a very good sales agent \in Kim mit Kim verlieren wir eine sehr gute Verkaufsassistentinit's not \in me to lie ich kann nicht lügento not have it \in oneself to do sth nicht in der Lage sein, etw zu tunthese themes can often be found \in Schiller diese Themen kommen bei Schiller oft vor22.▶ \in all insgesamtthere were 10 of us \in all wir waren zu zehnt▶ all \in all alles in allemall \in all it's been a good year insgesamt gesehen, war es ein gutes Jahr▶ \in between dazwischen▶ there's nothing [or not much] [or very little] \in it da ist kein großer Unterschied▶ to be \in and out of sth:she's been \in and out of hospitals ever since the accident sie war seit dem Unfall immer wieder im KrankenhausII. ADVERBcome \in! herein!\in with you! rein mit dir!he opened the door and went \in er öffnete die Tür und ging hineinshe was locked \in sie war eingesperrtcould you bring the clothes \in? könntest du die Wäsche hereinholen?she didn't ask me \in sie hat mich nicht hereingebetenthe sea was freezing, but \in she went das Meer war eiskalt, doch sie kannte nichts und ging hineinto bring the harvest \in die Ernte einbringenthe train got \in very late der Zug ist sehr spät eingetroffenthe bus is due \in any moment now der Bus müsste jetzt jeden Moment kommenis the tide coming \in or going out? kommt oder geht die Flut?we watched the ship come \in wir sahen zu, wie das Schiff einlief6.▶ day \in, day out tagein, tagausIII. ADJECTIVEis David \in? ist David da?I'm afraid Mr Jenkins is not \in at the moment Herr Jenkins ist leider gerade nicht im Hause formto have a quiet evening \in einen ruhigen Abend zu Hause verbringendoor \in Eingangstür f\in-tray AUS, BRIT\in-box AM Behälter m für eingehende Post▪ to be \in in [o angesagt] seinto be the \in place to dance/dine ein angesagtes Tanzlokal/Restaurant seinwhen does your essay have to be \in? wann musst du deinen Essay abgeben?the application must be \in by May 31 die Bewerbung muss bis zum 31. Mai eingegangen seinthe ball was definitely \in! der Ball war keineswegs im Aus!pumpkins are \in! Kürbisse jetzt frisch!9.you'll be \in for it if... du kannst dich auf was gefasst machen, wenn...▶ to be [well] \in with sb bei jdm gut angeschrieben seinshe just says those things to get \in with the teacher sie sagt so was doch nur, um sich beim Lehrer lieb Kind zu machenIV. NOUNhe wants to get involved with that group but doesn't have an \in er würde gern mit dieser Gruppe in Kontakt kommen, aber bis jetzt fehlt ihm die Eintrittskarte2. AM POL▪ the \ins die Regierungspartei3.▶ to understand the \ins and outs of sth etw hundertprozentig verstehen* * *[ɪn]1. PREPOSITIONWhen in is the second element of a phrasal verb, eg ask in, fill in, hand in, look up the verb. When it is part of a set combination, eg in danger, in the end, weak in, wrapped in, look up the other word.it was in the lorry/bag/car — es war auf dem Lastwagen/in der Tasche/im Auto
he put it in the lorry/car/bag — er legte es auf den Lastwagen/ins Auto/steckte es in die Tasche
in here/there — hierin/darin, hier/da drin (inf); (with motion) hier/da hinein or rein (inf)
in the street — auf der/die Straße
to stay in the house — im Haus or (at home) zu Hause or zuhause (Aus, Sw) bleiben
in bed/prison — im Bett/Gefängnis
in Germany/Switzerland/the United States — in Deutschland/der Schweiz/den Vereinigten Staaten after the superlative, in is sometimes untranslated and the genitive case used instead.
the best in the class — der Beste der Klasse, der Klassenbeste
2) people beiyou can find examples of this in Dickens —
he doesn't have it in him to... — er bringt es nicht fertig,... zu...
3) dates, seasons, time of day in (+dat)in the morning(s) — morgens, am Morgen, am Vormittag
in the afternoon — nachmittags, am Nachmittag
in the daytime — tagsüber, während des Tages
in the evening — abends, am Abend
in those days — damals, zu jener Zeit
4) time of life in (+dat)in childhood — in der Kindheit, im Kindesalter
5) interval of time in (+dat)in a week( 's time) — in einer Woche
in a moment or minute — sofort, gleich
6) numbers, quantities zuto count in fives —
in large/small quantities — in großen/kleinen Mengen
in some measure — in gewisser Weise, zu einem gewissen Grad
in part — teilweise, zum Teil
7)he has a one in 500 chance of winning — er hat eine Gewinnchance von eins zu 500one book/child in ten — jedes zehnte Buch/Kind, ein Buch/Kind von zehn
8)manner, state, condition
to speak in a loud/soft voice — mit lauter/leiser Stimme sprechen, laut/leise sprechento speak in a whisper — flüstern, flüsternd sprechen
to speak in German —
the background is painted in red — der Hintergrund ist rot( gemalt) or in Rot gehalten
to stand in a row/in groups — in einer Reihe/in Gruppen stehen
to live in luxury/poverty — im Luxus/in Armut leben
9) clothes in (+dat)in his shirt sleeves — in Hemdsärmeln, hemdsärmelig
she was dressed in silk —
10)substance, material
upholstered in silk — mit Seide bezogento write in ink/pencil — mit Tinte/Bleistift schreiben
in marble — in Marmor, marmorn
a sculptor who works in marble — ein Bildhauer, der mit Marmor arbeitet
11)blind in the left eye — auf dem linken Auge blind, links blinda rise in prices — ein Preisanstieg m, ein Anstieg m der Preise
12)occupation, activity
he is in the army — er ist beim Militärhe is in banking/the motor business — er ist im Bankwesen/in der Autobranche (tätig)
13)__diams; in + -ing in saying this, I... — wenn ich das sage,... ichin trying to escape — beim Versuch zu fliehen, beim Fluchtversuch
in trying to save him she fell into the water herself — beim Versuch or als sie versuchte, ihn zu retten, fiel sie selbst ins Wasser
but in saying this —
he made a mistake in saying that — es war ein Fehler von ihm, das zu sagen
the plan was unrealistic in that it didn't take account of the fact that... — der Plan war unrealistisch, da or weil er nicht berücksichtigte, dass...
2. ADVERBWhen in is the second element in a phrasal verb, eg come in, live in, sleep in, look up the verb.da; (at home also) zu Hause, zuhause (Aus, Sw)there is nobody in — es ist niemand da/zu Hause to be in may require a more specific translation.
he's in for a surprise/disappointment — ihm steht eine Überraschung/Enttäuschung bevor, er kann sich auf eine Überraschung/Enttäuschung gefasst machen
we are in for rain/a cold spell — uns (dat) steht Regen/eine Kältewelle bevor
he's in for it! — der kann sich auf was gefasst machen (inf), der kann sich freuen (iro) __diams; to have it in for sb (inf) es auf jdn abgesehen haben (inf) __diams; to be in on sth an einer Sache beteiligt sein; on secret etc über etw (acc) Bescheid wissen
he likes to be in on things — er mischt gern (überall) mit (inf) __diams; to be (well) in with sb sich gut mit jdm verstehen
3. ADJECTIVE(inf) in inv (inf)long skirts are in — lange Röcke sind in (inf) or sind in Mode
the in thing — das, was zurzeit in ist (inf) or Mode ist
the in thing is to... — es ist zurzeit in (inf) or Mode, zu...
4. the insPLURAL NOUN1) = details __diams; the ins and outs die Einzelheiten plto know the ins and outs of sth —
I don't know the ins and outs of the situation — über die Einzelheiten der Sache weiß ich nicht Bescheid
2) POL US* * *in [ın]A präp1. (räumlich, auf die Frage: wo?) in (dat), innerhalb (gen), an (dat), auf (dat):in England (London) in England (London); → blind A 1 a, country A 5, field A 1, room A 2, sky A 1, street A 1, etc3. bei (Schriftstellern):4. (auf die Frage: wohin?) in (akk):put it in your pocket steck es in die Tasche5. (Zustand, Beschaffenheit, Art und Weise) in (dat), auf (akk), mit:in G major MUS in G-Dur; → arm2 Bes Redew, brief B 1, case1 A 2, cash1 A 2, doubt C 1, C 3, dozen, English B 2, group A 1, manner 1, ruin A 2, short C 2, tear1 1, word Bes Redew, writing A 4, etcbe in it beteiligt sein, teilnehmen;he isn’t in it er gehört nicht dazu;a) es lohnt sich nicht,7. (Tätigkeit, Beschäftigung) in (dat), bei, mit, auf (dat):8. (im Besitz, in der Macht) in (dat), bei, an (dat):a) in oder binnen zwei Stunden,b) während zweier Stunden;in 1985 1985; → beginning 1, daytime, evening A 1, flight2, October, reign A 1, time Bes Redew, winter A 1, year 1, etc13. (Hinsicht, Beziehung) in (dat), an (dat), in Bezug auf (akk):the latest thing in das Neueste in oder an oder auf dem Gebiet (gen); → equal A 10, far Bes Redew, itself 3, number A 2, that3 4, width 1, etc15. (Mittel, Material, Stoff) in (dat), aus, mit, durch:in black boots in oder mit schwarzen Stiefeln;16. (Zahl, Betrag) in (dat), aus, von, zu:seven in all insgesamt oder im Ganzen sieben;there are 60 minutes in an hour eine Stunde hat 60 Minuten;one in ten Americans einer von zehn Amerikanern, jeder zehnte Amerikaner;B adv1. innen, drinnen:in among mitten unter (akk od dat);know in and out jemanden, etwas ganz genau kennen, in- und auswendig kennen;be in for sth etwas zu erwarten haben;now you are in for it umg jetzt bist du dran:a) jetzt kannst du nicht mehr zurückhe is in for a shock er wird einen gewaltigen Schreck oder einen Schock bekommen;I am in for an examination mir steht eine Prüfung bevor;a) eingeweiht sein in (akk),b) beteiligt sein an (dat);be in with sb mit jemandem gutstehen;3. hinein:4. da, (an)gekommen:5. zu Hause, im Zimmer etc:Mrs Brown is not in Mrs. Brown ist nicht da oder zu Hause;he has been in and out all day er kommt und geht schon den ganzen Tag6. POL an der Macht, an der Regierung, am Ruder umg:8. SCHIFFa) im Hafenb) beschlagen, festgemacht (Segel)c) zum Hafen:on the way in beim Einlaufen (in den Hafen)C adj1. im Innern oder im Hause befindlich, Innen…2. POL an der Macht befindlich:in party Regierungspartei f3. nach Hause kommend:the in train der ankommende Zug4. an in restaurant ein Restaurant, das gerade in ist;the in people die Leute, die alles mitmachen, was gerade in istD s1. pl POL US Regierungspartei f2. Winkel m, Ecke f:a) alle Winkel und Ecken,know all the ins and outs of sich ganz genau auskennen bei oder in (dat), in- und auswendig kennen (akk)* * *1. preposition1) (position; also fig.) in (+ Dat.)shot/wounded in the leg — ins Bein geschossen/am Bein verwundet
2) (wearing as dress) in (+ Dat.); (wearing as headgear) mita change in attitude — eine Änderung der Einstellung; see also herself 1); itself 1)
eight dogs in ten — acht von zehn Hunden; see also gradient
5) (as a member of) in (+ Dat.)be employed in the Civil Service — als Beamter/Beamtin beschäftigt sein
there is nothing/not much or little in it — (difference) da ist kein/kein großer Unterschied [zwischen ihnen]
there is something in what you say — an dem, was Sie sagen, ist etwas dran (ugs.)
7) (expr. identity) in (+ Dat.)8) (concerned with) in (+ Dat.)9)be [not] in it — (as competitor) [nicht] dabei od. im Rennen sein
10) (with the means of; having as material or colour)in this way — auf diese Weise; so
this sofa is also available in leather/blue — dieses Sofa gibt es auch in Leder/Blau
draw in crayon/ink — etc. mit Kreide/Tinte usw. zeichnen; see also English 2. 1)
11) (while, during)in fog/rain — etc. bei Nebel/Regen usw.
in the eighties/nineties — in den Achtzigern/Neunzigern
4 o'clock in the morning/afternoon — 4 Uhr morgens/abends
in 1990 — [im Jahre] 1990
12) (after a period of) in (+ Dat.)in three minutes/years — in drei Minuten/Jahren
have it in one [to do something] — fähig sein [, etwas zu tun]
14)15)2. adverbin doing this — (by so doing) indem jemand das tut/tat; dadurch
1) (inside) hinein[gehen usw.]; (towards speaker) herein[kommen usw.]is everyone in? — sind alle drin? (ugs.)
‘In’ — "Einfahrt"/"Eingang"
2) (at home, work, etc.)3) (included) darin; drin (ugs.)cost £50 all in — 50 Pfund kosten, alles inbegriffen
4) (inward) innen5) (in fashion) in (ugs.); in Mode6) (elected)be in — [Zug, Schiff, Ware, Bewerbung:] da sein; [Ernte:] eingebracht sein
8)somebody is in for something — (about to undergo something) jemandem steht etwas bevor; (taking part in something) jemand nimmt an etwas (Dat.) teil
we're in for it now! — (coll.) jetzt blüht uns was! (ugs.)
9) (coll.): (as participant, accomplice, observer, etc.)be in on the secret/discussion — in das Geheimnis eingeweiht sein/bei der Diskussion dabei sein
3. attributive adjectivebe [well] in with somebody — mit jemandem [gut] auskommen
(fashionable) Mode-the in crowd — die Clique, die gerade in ist (ugs.)
4. nounin joke — Insiderwitz, der
* * *adj.hinein adj. prep.an präp.auf präp.in präp. -
12 stand
stand [stænd]stand ⇒ 1 (a) étal ⇒ 1 (a) support ⇒ 1 (b) plate-forme ⇒ 1 (c) tribune ⇒ 1 (c), 1 (d) barre ⇒ 1 (f) position ⇒ 1 (g) mettre ⇒ 2 (a) poser ⇒ 2 (a) supporter ⇒ 2 (b)-(d) se lever ⇒ 3 (a) être debout ⇒ 3 (b), 3 (c) être ⇒ 3 (b), 3 (e), 3 (f) se tenir ⇒ 3 (b) reposer ⇒ 3 (d), 3 (g) se trouver ⇒ 3 (e) rester ⇒ 3 (g) rester valable ⇒ 3 (h) se classer ⇒ 3 (j)(pt & pp stood [stʊd])1 noun(a) (stall, booth → at exhibition, trade fair) stand m; (→ in market) étal m, éventaire m; (kiosk) kiosque m;∎ a shooting stand un stand de tir;∎ newspaper stand kiosque m (à journaux)(b) (frame, support → gen) support m; (→ for lamp, sink) pied m; (→ on bicycle, motorbike) béquille f; (→ for pipes, guns) râtelier m; Commerce (→ for magazines, sunglasses) présentoir m; (lectern) lutrin m;∎ bicycle stand (in street) râtelier m à bicyclettes;∎ plant stand sellette f;∎ plate stand support m à assiette, présentoir m;∎ Commerce revolving stand tourniquet m, présentoir m rotatif(d) (in sports ground) tribune f;∎ the stands roared un rugissement s'éleva des tribunes ou des gradins∎ (taxi) stand station f de taxis(f) (in courtroom) barre f;∎ the first witness took the stand le premier témoin est venu à la barre(g) (position, stance) position f;∎ to take a stand on sth prendre position sur qch;∎ what's your stand on the issue? quelle est votre position sur la question?;∎ he refuses to take a stand il refuse de prendre position∎ to make a stand résister;∎ they made a stand at the foot of the hill ils ont résisté au pied de la colline;∎ to make a stand against an abuse s'opposer résolument à un abus;∎ History Custer's last stand la dernière bataille de Custer∎ a fine stand of corn un beau champ de blé;∎ a stand of bamboo un massif de bambous(a) (set, place) mettre, poser;∎ he stood the boy on a chair il a mis le garçon debout sur une chaise;∎ she stood her umbrella in the corner elle a mis son parapluie dans le coin;∎ to stand sth on (its) end mettre qch debout;∎ help me stand the bedstead against the wall aide-moi à dresser le sommier ou mettre le sommier debout contre le mur(b) (endure, withstand) supporter;∎ his heart couldn't stand the shock son cœur n'a pas résisté au ou n'a pas supporté le choc;∎ it will stand high temperatures without cracking cela peut résister à ou supporter des températures élevées sans se fissurer;∎ how much weight can the bridge stand? quel poids le pont peut-il supporter?;∎ the motor wasn't built to stand intensive use le moteur n'a pas été conçu pour supporter un usage intensif;∎ wool carpeting can stand a lot of hard wear les moquettes en laine sont très résistantes;∎ she's not strong enough to stand another operation elle n'est pas assez forte pour supporter une nouvelle opération;∎ he certainly doesn't stand comparison with Bogart il n'est absolument pas possible de le comparer avec Bogart;∎ their figures don't stand close inspection leurs chiffres ne résistent pas à un examen sérieux∎ I can't stand it any longer! je n'en peux plus!;∎ how can you stand working with him? comment est-ce que vous faites pour ou comment arrivez-vous à travailler avec lui?;∎ I've had as much as I can stand of your griping! j'en ai assez de tes jérémiades!;∎ if there's one thing I can't stand, it's hypocrisy s'il y a quelque chose que je ne supporte pas, c'est bien l'hypocrisie;∎ I can't stand (the sight of) him! je ne peux pas le supporter!, je ne peux pas le voir en peinture!;∎ she can't stand Wagner/smokers elle ne peut pas supporter Wagner/les fumeurs;∎ he can't stand flying il déteste prendre l'avion∎ oil company profits could certainly stand a cut une diminution de leurs bénéfices ne ferait aucun mal aux compagnies pétrolières;∎ he could stand a bath! un bain ne lui ferait pas de mal!;∎ American could I stand a drink! je prendrais bien un petit verre!(e) (perform duty of) remplir la fonction de;∎ to stand witness for sb (at marriage) être le témoin de qn∎ to stand sb a meal payer un repas à qn;∎ to stand a chance (of doing sth) avoir de bonnes chances (de faire qch);∎ you don't stand a chance! vous n'avez pas la moindre chance!;∎ the plans stand little chance of being approved les projets ont peu de chances d'être approuvés(a) (rise to one's feet) se lever, se mettre debout;∎ he refused to stand for the national anthem il a refusé de se lever pendant l'hymne national(b) (be on one's feet) être debout, se tenir debout; (in a specified location, posture) être, se tenir;∎ I've been standing all day je suis resté debout toute la journée;∎ I had to stand all the way j'ai dû voyager debout pendant tout le trajet;∎ she was so tired she could hardly stand elle était si fatiguée qu'elle avait du mal à tenir debout ou sur ses jambes;∎ wear flat shoes if you have to stand a lot portez des chaussures à talons plats si vous devez rester debout pendant des heures;∎ I don't mind standing ça ne me gêne pas de rester debout;∎ don't stand near the edge ne restez pas près du bord;∎ don't just stand there, do something! ne restez pas là à ne rien faire!;∎ stand clear! écartez-vous!;∎ I saw her standing at the window je l'ai vue (debout) à la fenêtre;∎ a man stood in the doorway un homme se tenait à la porte;∎ do you see that man standing over there? vous voyez cet homme là-bas?;∎ where should I stand? - beside Yvonne où dois-je me mettre? - à côté d'Yvonne;∎ I'll be standing outside the theatre j'attendrai devant le théâtre;∎ small groups of men stood talking at street corners des hommes discutaient par petits groupes au coin des rues;∎ he was standing at the bar il était debout au comptoir;∎ is there a chair I can stand on? y a-t-il une chaise sur laquelle je puisse monter?;∎ they were standing a little way off ils se tenaient un peu à l'écart;∎ excuse me, you're standing on my foot excusez-moi, vous me marchez sur le pied;∎ American to stand in line faire la queue;∎ School stand in the corner! au coin!;∎ to stand upright or erect se tenir droit;∎ he was so nervous he couldn't stand still il était si nerveux qu'il ne tenait pas en place;∎ I stood perfectly still, hoping they wouldn't see me je me suis figé sur place en espérant qu'ils ne me verraient pas;∎ stand still! ne bougez pas!, ne bougez plus!;∎ stand with your feet apart écartez les pieds;∎ the heron was standing on one leg le héron se tenait debout sur une patte;∎ to stand on tiptoe se tenir sur la pointe des pieds;∎ stand and deliver! la bourse ou la vie!;∎ figurative to stand on one's own two feet se débrouiller tout seul;∎ figurative he left the others standing (gen) il était de loin le meilleur; (in race) il a laissé les autres sur place(c) (be upright → post, target etc) être debout;∎ not a stone (of the building) was left standing le bâtiment était complètement détruit;∎ the house is still standing la maison tient toujours debout;∎ the aqueduct has stood for centuries l'aqueduc est là depuis des siècles;∎ the wheat stood high les blés étaient hauts(d) (be supported, be mounted) reposer;∎ the coffin stood on trestles le cercueil reposait sur des tréteaux;∎ the house stands on solid foundations la maison repose ou est bâtie sur des fondations solides;∎ figurative this argument stands on three simple facts ce raisonnement repose sur trois simples faits∎ the fort stands on a hill la forteresse se trouve en haut d'une colline;∎ this is where the city gates once stood c'est ici qu'autrefois se dressaient les portes de la ville;∎ the piano stood in the centre of the room le piano était au centre ou occupait le centre de la pièce;∎ the bottles stood in rows of five les bouteilles étaient disposées en rangées de cinq;∎ do you see the lorry standing next to my car? vous voyez le camion qui est à côté de ma voiture?;∎ a wardrobe stood against one wall il y avait une armoire contre un mur(f) (indicating current state of affairs, situation) être;∎ how do things stand? où en est la situation?;∎ I'd like to know where I stand with you j'aimerais savoir où en sont les choses entre nous;∎ I don't know where I stand j'ignore quelle est ma situation ou ma position;∎ you never know how or where you stand with her on ne sait jamais sur quel pied danser avec elle;∎ as things stand, as matters stand telles que les choses se présentent;∎ he's dissatisfied with the contract as it stands il n'est pas satisfait du contrat tel qu'il a été rédigé;∎ just print the text as it stands imprimez le texte tel quel;∎ he stands accused of rape il est accusé de viol;∎ she stands alone in advocating this approach elle est la seule à préconiser cette approche;∎ I stand corrected je reconnais m'être trompé ou mon erreur;∎ the doors stood wide open les portes étaient grandes ouvertes;∎ I've got a taxi standing ready j'ai un taxi qui attend;∎ the police are standing ready to intervene la police se tient prête à intervenir;∎ the party stands united behind him le parti est uni derrière lui;∎ no-one stands above the law personne n'est au-dessus des lois;∎ their turnover now stands at three million pounds leur chiffre d'affaires atteint désormais les trois millions de livres;∎ the exchange rate stands at 5 francs to the dollar le taux de change est de 5 francs pour un dollar;∎ we're standing right behind you nous sommes avec vous;∎ with the union standing behind him avec le soutien du syndicat;∎ nothing stood between her and victory rien ne pouvait désormais l'empêcher de gagner;∎ it's the only thing standing between us and financial disaster c'est la seule chose qui nous empêche de sombrer dans un désastre financier;∎ to stand in need of… avoir besoin de…;∎ he stands in danger of losing his job il risque de perdre son emploi;∎ I stood lost in admiration j'en suis resté béat d'admiration;∎ to stand in sb's way bloquer le passage à qn;∎ figurative don't stand in my way! n'essaie pas de m'en empêcher!;∎ nothing stands in our way now maintenant, la voie est libre;∎ if you want to leave school I'm not going to stand in your way si tu veux quitter l'école, je ne m'y opposerai pas;∎ it's his lack of experience that stands in his way c'est son manque d'expérience qui le handicape;∎ their foreign debt stands in the way of economic recovery leur dette extérieure constitue un obstacle à la reprise économique;∎ her pride is the only thing standing in the way of their reconciliation son orgueil est le seul obstacle à leur réconciliation∎ the machines stood idle les machines étaient arrêtées;∎ the houses stood empty awaiting demolition les maisons, vidées de leurs occupants, attendaient d'être démolies;∎ time stood still le temps semblait s'être arrêté;∎ the car has been standing in the garage for a year ça fait un an que la voiture n'a pas bougé du garage;∎ I've decided to let my flight reservation stand j'ai décidé de ne pas changer ma réservation d'avion;∎ let the mixture stand until the liquid is clear laissez reposer le mélange jusqu'à ce que le liquide se clarifie;∎ the champion stands unbeaten le champion reste invaincu;∎ his theory stood unchallenged for a decade pendant dix ans, personne n'a remis en cause sa théorie;∎ the government will stand or fall on the outcome of this vote le maintien ou la chute du gouvernement dépend du résultat de ce vote;∎ united we stand, divided we fall l'union fait la force∎ my invitation still stands vous êtes toujours invité;∎ the verdict stands unless there's an appeal le jugement reste valable à moins que l'on ne fasse appel;∎ even with this new plan, our objection still stands ce nouveau projet ne remet pas en cause notre objection première;∎ the bet stands le pari tient;∎ what you said last week, does that still stand? et ce que tu as dit la semaine dernière, ça tient toujours?(i) (measure → person, tree) mesurer;∎ she stands 5 feet in her stocking feet elle mesure moins de 1,50 m pieds nus;∎ the building stands ten storeys high l'immeuble compte dix étages∎ this hotel stands among the best in the world cet hôtel figure parmi les meilleurs du monde;∎ American she stands first/last in her class elle est la première/la dernière de sa classe;∎ I know she stands high in your opinion je sais que tu as une très bonne opinion d'elle;∎ for price and quality, it stands high on my list en ce qui concerne le prix et la qualité, je le range ou le compte parmi les meilleurs∎ how or where does he stand on the nuclear issue? quelle est sa position ou son point de vue sur la question du nucléaire?;∎ you ought to tell them where you stand vous devriez leur faire part de votre position∎ to stand to lose risquer de perdre;∎ to stand to win avoir des chances de gagner;∎ they stand to make a huge profit on the deal ils ont des chances de faire un bénéfice énorme dans cette affaire;∎ no one stands to gain from a quarrel like this personne n'a rien à gagner d'une telle querelle∎ she stood for Waltham elle a été candidate à la circonscription de Waltham;∎ will he stand for re-election? va-t-il se représenter aux élections?;∎ she's standing as an independent elle se présente en tant que candidate indépendante∎ no standing (sign) arrêt interdit∎ you're standing c'est ta tournéerester là;∎ we stood about or around waiting for the flight announcement nous restions là à attendre que le vol soit annoncé;∎ the prisoners stood about or around in small groups les prisonniers se tenaient par petits groupes;∎ after Mass, the men stand about or around in the square après la messe, les hommes s'attardent sur la place;∎ I can't afford to pay people to stand around all day doing nothing je n'ai pas les moyens de payer les gens à ne rien faire;∎ I'm not just going to stand about waiting for you to make up your mind! je n'ai pas l'intention de rester là à attendre que tu te décides!(move aside) s'écarter;∎ stand aside, someone's fainted! écartez-vous, quelqu'un s'est évanoui!;∎ he politely stood aside to let us pass il s'écarta ou s'effaça poliment pour nous laisser passer;∎ figurative to stand aside in favour of sb (gen) laisser la voie libre à qn; Politics se désister en faveur de qn(a) (move back) reculer, s'écarter;∎ stand back from the doors! écartez-vous des portes!;∎ she stood back to look at herself in the mirror elle recula pour se regarder dans la glace;∎ the painting is better if you stand back from it le tableau est mieux si vous prenez du recul(b) (be set back) être en retrait ou à l'écart;∎ the house stands back from the road la maison est en retrait (de la route)(c) (take mental distance) prendre du recul;∎ I need to stand back and take stock j'ai besoin de prendre du recul et de faire le point➲ stand by(a) (support → person) soutenir;∎ I'll stand by you through thick and thin je te soutiendrai ou je resterai à tes côtés quoi qu'il arrive∎ to stand by an agreement respecter un accord;∎ I stand by what I said/my original analysis of the situation je m'en tiens à ce que j'ai dit/ma première analyse de la situation(a) (not intervene) rester là (sans rien faire ou sans intervenir);∎ how could you just stand by and watch them mistreat that poor dog? comment as-tu pu rester là à les regarder maltraiter ce pauvre chien (sans intervenir)?;∎ I stood by helplessly while they searched the room je restais là, impuissant, pendant qu'ils fouillaient la pièce(b) (be ready → person) être ou se tenir prêt; (→ vehicle) être prêt; (→ army, embassy) être en état d'alerte;∎ the police were standing by to disperse the crowd la police se tenait prête à disperser la foule;∎ we have an oxygen machine standing by nous avons une machine à oxygène prête en cas d'urgence;∎ stand by! attention!; Nautical paré!, attention!;∎ Aviation stand by for takeoff préparez-vous pour le décollage;∎ Radio stand by to receive prenez l'écoute;∎ Military standing by for orders! à vos ordres!∎ will he stand down in favour of a younger candidate? va-t-il se désister en faveur d'un candidat plus jeune?(b) (leave witness box) quitter la barre;∎ you may stand down, Mr Simms vous pouvez quitter la barre, M. Simms∎ stand down! (after drill) rompez (les rangs)!(workers) licencier(a) (represent) représenter;∎ what does DNA stand for? que veut dire l'abréviation ADN?;∎ the R stands for Ryan le R signifie Ryan;∎ the dove stands for peace la colombe symbolise la paix;∎ we want our name to stand for quality and efficiency nous voulons que notre nom soit synonyme de qualité et d'efficacité;∎ she supports the values and ideas the party once stood for elle soutient les valeurs et les idées qui furent autrefois celles du parti;∎ I detest everything that they stand for! je déteste tout ce qu'ils représentent!∎ I'm not going to stand for it! je ne le tolérerai ou permettrai pas!assurer le remplacement;∎ to stand in for sb remplacer qn; Cinema doubler qnNautical (coast, island) croiser au large de;∎ they have an aircraft carrier standing off Aden ils ont un porte-avions qui croise au large d'Aden(a) (move away) s'écarter∎ the veins in his neck stood out les veines de son cou saillaient ou étaient gonflées∎ the pink stands out against the green background le rose ressort ou se détache sur le fond vert;∎ the masts stood out against the sky les mâts se découpaient ou se dessinaient contre le ciel;∎ the name on the truck stood out clearly le nom sur le camion était bien visible;∎ she stands out in a crowd on la remarque dans la foule;∎ figurative I don't like to stand out in a crowd je n'aime pas me singulariser;∎ this one book stands out from all his others ce livre-ci surclasse tous ses autres livres;∎ there is no one issue which stands out as being more important than the others il n'y a pas une question qui soit plus importante que les autres;∎ the qualities that stand out in his work les qualités marquantes de son œuvre;∎ she stands out above all the rest elle surpasse ou surclasse tous les autres;∎ the day stands out in my memory cette journée est marquée d'une pierre blanche dans ma mémoire;∎ familiar that stands out a mile! (is very obvious) ça se voit comme le nez au milieu de la figure!;∎ it really stands out that he's not a local ça se voit ou se remarque vraiment qu'il n'est pas d'ici(c) (resist, hold out) tenir bon, tenir, résister;∎ they won't be able to stand out for long ils ne pourront pas tenir ou résister longtemps;∎ to stand out against (attack, enemy) résister à; (change, tax increase) s'opposer avec détermination à;∎ to stand out for sth revendiquer qch;∎ they are standing out for a pay increase ils revendiquent ou réclament une augmentation de salaire(watch over) surveiller;∎ I can't work with someone standing over me je ne peux pas travailler quand quelqu'un regarde par-dessus mon épaule;∎ she stood over him until he'd eaten every last bit elle ne l'a pas lâché avant qu'il ait mangé la dernière mietteBritish (postpone) remettre (à plus tard);∎ I'd prefer to stand this discussion over until we have more information je préférerais remettre cette discussion jusqu'à ce que nous disposions de plus amples renseignementsBritish être remis (à plus tard);∎ we have two items standing over from the last meeting il nous reste deux points à régler depuis la dernière réunion➲ stand toMilitary mettre en état d'alerteMilitary se mettre en état d'alerte;∎ stand to! à vos postes!être ou rester solidaire➲ stand up(a) (set upright → chair, bottle) mettre debout;∎ they stood the prisoner up against a tree ils ont adossé le prisonnier à un arbre;∎ stand the ladder up against the wall mettez ou appuyez l'échelle contre le mur;∎ to stand a child up (again) (re)mettre un enfant sur ses pieds∎ I was stood up twice in a row on m'a posé un lapin deux fois de suite(a) (rise to one's feet) se lever, se mettre debout;∎ she stood up to offer me her seat elle se leva pour m'offrir sa place;∎ stand up! levez-vous!, debout!;∎ figurative to stand up and be counted avoir le courage de ses opinions(b) (be upright) être debout;∎ I can't get the candle to stand up straight je n'arrive pas à faire tenir la bougie droite∎ how is that repair job standing up? est-ce que cette réparation tient toujours?(d) (be valid → argument, claim) être valable, tenir debout;∎ his evidence won't stand up in court son témoignage ne sera pas valable en justicedéfendre;∎ to stand up for oneself se défendre∎ to stand up to sth résister à qch;∎ to stand up to sb tenir tête à ou faire face à qn;∎ he's too weak to stand up to her il est trop faible pour lui tenir tête;∎ she had a hard time standing up to their criticism ça ne lui a pas été facile de faire face à leurs critiques;∎ it won't stand up to that sort of treatment ça ne résistera pas à ce genre de traitement;∎ her hypothesis doesn't stand up to empirical testing son hypothèse ne résiste pas à la vérification expérimentale -
13 Historical Portugal
Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims inPortugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and theChurch (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict untilUN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU. -
14 group
ɡru:p
1. noun1) (a number of persons or things together: a group of boys.) grupo2) (a group of people who play or sing together: a pop group; a folk group.) grupo; banda (música); equipo (deporte)
2. verb(to form into a group or groups: The children grouped round the teacher.) agrupar(se)group n grupotr[grʊːp]1 (gen) grupo2 SMALLMUSIC/SMALL grupo, conjunto1 agrupar1 agruparse, formar un grupo\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLgroup therapy terapia de grupogroup ['gru:p] vt: agrupargroup n: grupo m, agrupación f, conjunto m, compañía fadj.• colectivo, -a adj.n.• agrupación s.f.• agrupamiento s.m.• bloque s.m.• cenáculo s.m.• colectividad s.f.• conjunto (Matemática) s.m.• corrillo s.m.• escuadra s.f.• grupo s.m.• hato s.m.• partida s.f.• plantel s.m.• tertulia s.f.v.• agrupar v.• agruparse v.gruːp
I
1) (+ sing o pl vb)a) ( of people) grupo mto form a group — ( physically) agruparse; ( found a group) formar un grupo or una asociación
a consumers'/women's group — una asociación or agrupación de consumidores/mujeres
a feminist/gay group — un colectivo or una agrupación feminista/gay; (before n) <discussion, visit> en grupo; < portrait> de conjunto
b) ( Mus) grupo m, conjunto m2) (usu + sing vb)a) ( of things) grupo mb) (class, division) grupo m3) ( Busn) grupo m4) ( Chem)a) ( of elements) grupo mb) ( radical) grupo m5) ( Math) grupo m
II
1.
transitive verb agrupar
2.
vi[ɡruːp]1. N1) [of people, objects] grupo m ; (for specific purpose) agrupación f, asociación f ; (=gang) pandilla f, banda f ; (Mus) conjunto m, grupo m ; [of languages] familia fethnic group — grupo m étnico
family group — familia f, grupo m familiar
interest 2., 2), support 3.a human rights group — una agrupación or asociación pro derechos humanos
2) (Comm) [of companies] grupo m2.VT (also: group together) agruparthe report's conclusions are grouped together under one heading — las conclusiones del informe están agrupadas bajo un mismo encabezamiento
3.VI agruparse4.CPDgroup booking N — reserva f hecha para un grupo
group captain N — (Brit) (Aer) jefe m de escuadrilla
group discussion N — debate m en grupo
group dynamics NPL — dinámica fsing de grupo
group photo N — foto f de conjunto
group practice N — (Med) consultorio m (de médicos)
GROUPgroup therapy N — terapia f de grupo
Agreement
► When grupo is followed by de + ((plural noun)), following verbs can be in the plural or, less commonly, in the singular:
A group of youths came up to him Un grupo de jóvenes se le acercaron or se le acercó ► Otherwise, use the singular form of the verb:
The group is or are well-known for being aggressive El grupo es conocido por su agresividad For further uses and examples, see main entry* * *[gruːp]
I
1) (+ sing o pl vb)a) ( of people) grupo mto form a group — ( physically) agruparse; ( found a group) formar un grupo or una asociación
a consumers'/women's group — una asociación or agrupación de consumidores/mujeres
a feminist/gay group — un colectivo or una agrupación feminista/gay; (before n) <discussion, visit> en grupo; < portrait> de conjunto
b) ( Mus) grupo m, conjunto m2) (usu + sing vb)a) ( of things) grupo mb) (class, division) grupo m3) ( Busn) grupo m4) ( Chem)a) ( of elements) grupo mb) ( radical) grupo m5) ( Math) grupo m
II
1.
transitive verb agrupar
2.
vi -
15 close
1. adjective1) (near in space) dicht; nahebe close to something — nahe bei od. an etwas (Dat.) sein
you're too close to the fire — du bist zu dicht od. nah am Feuer
I wish we lived closer to your parents — ich wünschte, wir würden näher bei deinen Eltern wohnen
be close to tears/breaking point — den Tränen/einem Zusammenbruch nahe sein
at close quarters, the building looked less impressive — aus der Nähe betrachtet, wirkte das Gebäude weniger imposant
at close range — aus kurzer Entfernung
2) (near in time) nahe (to an + Dat.)3) eng [Freund, Freundschaft, Beziehung, Zusammenarbeit, Verbindung]; nahe [Verwandte, Bekanntschaft]be/become close to somebody — jemandem nahe stehen/nahekommen
4) (rigorous, painstaking) eingehend, genau [Untersuchung, Prüfung, Befragung usw.]5) (stifling) stickig [Luft, Raum]; drückend, schwül [Wetter]6) (nearly equal) hart [[Wett]kampf, Spiel]; knapp [Ergebnis]that was a close call or shave or thing — (coll.) das war knapp!
be the closest equivalent to something — einer Sache (Dat.) am ehesten entsprechen
8) eng [Schrift]2. adverb1) (near) nah[e]be close at hand — in Reichweite sein
close by the river — nahe am Fluss
close on 60 years — fast 60 Jahre
close on 2 o'clock — kurz vor 2 [Uhr]
close to somebody/something — nahe bei jemandem/etwas
don't stand so close to the edge of the cliff — stell dich nicht so nah od. dicht an den Rand des Kliffs
it brought them closer together — (fig.) es brachte sie einander näher
be/come close to tears — den Tränen nahe sein
2) fest [schließen]; genau [hinsehen]3. transitive verb1) (shut) schließen, (ugs.) zumachen [Augen, Tür, Fenster, Geschäft]; zuziehen [Vorhang]; (declare shut) schließen [Laden, Geschäft, Fabrik, Betrieb, Werk, Zeche]; stilllegen [Betrieb, Werk, Zeche, Bahnlinie]; sperren [Straße, Brücke]2) (conclude) schließen, beenden [Besprechung, Rede, Diskussion]; schließen [Versammlung, Sitzung]3) (make smaller) schließen (auch fig.) [Lücke]4. intransitive verb1) (shut) sich schließen; [Tür:] zugehen (ugs.), sich schließenthe door/lid doesn't close properly — die Tür/der Deckel schließt nicht richtig
2) [Laden, Geschäft, Fabrik:] schließen, (ugs.) zumachen; (permanently) [Betrieb, Werk, Zeche:] geschlossen od. stillgelegt werden; [Geschäft:] geschlossen werden, (ugs.) zumachen5. nouncome or draw to a close — zu Ende gehen
bring or draw something to a close — einer Sache (Dat.) ein Ende bereiten; etwas zu Ende bringen
2) (cul-de-sac) Sackgasse, diePhrasal Verbs:- academic.ru/13537/close_down">close down- close in- close up* * *I 1. [kləus] adverb1) (near in time, place etc: He stood close to his mother; Follow close behind.) nahe2) (tightly; neatly: a close-fitting dress.) eng2. adjective1) (near in relationship: a close friend.) vertraut2) (having a narrow difference between winner and loser: a close contest; The result was close.) knapp3) (thorough: a close examination of the facts; Keep a close watch on him.) genau4) (tight: a close fit.) eng5) (without fresh air: a close atmosphere; The weather was close and thundery.) schwül7) (secretive: They're keeping very close about the business.) verschwiegen•- closely- closeness
- close call/shave
- close-set
- close-up
- close at hand
- close on
- close to II 1. [kləuz] verb1) (to make or become shut, often by bringing together two parts so as to cover an opening: The baby closed his eyes; Close the door; The shops close on Sundays.) schließen3) (to complete or settle (a business deal).) abschließen2. noun- close down- close up* * *close1[kləʊs, AM kloʊs]1. (short distance) nah[e]let's go to the \closest pub lasst uns in das nächste Pub gehen!our guest-house was \close to the sea unsere Pension war nicht weit vom Meer entfernt\close combat Nahkampf m\close to the ground dicht über dem Bodenin \close proximity in unmittelbarer Näheat \close quarters aus der Nähe [betrachtet]at \close range aus kurzer Entfernung\close together nahe [o dicht] beieinander2. (near)to be \close to exhaustion total erschöpft seinto be \close to perfection so gut wie perfekt seinto be \close to tears den Tränen nahe sein3. (near in time) nahe [bevorstehend]it's \close to Christmas Weihnachten steht vor der Türwar is \close ein Krieg steht unmittelbar bevor\close together nahe [o dicht] beieinander4. (intimate)▪ to be \close to sb jdm [sehr] nahestehenmy brother and I have always been very \close mein Bruder und ich standen uns schon immer sehr nahe... because of their \close links with terrorist groups... wegen ihrer engen Verbindung zu Terrorgruppen\close bond enges Band\close co-operation enge Zusammenarbeitjust \close family nur die nächsten Verwandten\close friend enger Freund/enge Freundin\close friendship enge Freundschaft\close links eine enge Verbindung\close relatives nahe Verwandte5. (little space between) eng\close handwriting enge Schriftten pages of \close print zehn eng bedruckte Seiten\close ranks geschlossene Reihen\close weave dichtes Gewebe\close argument stichhaltiges Argument\close reasoning geschlossene Argumentation7. (almost equal) knappthe race is going to be a \close contest das wird ein Kopf-an-Kopf-Rennen!the election was too \close to call der Ausgang der Wahl war völlig offen\close race Kopf-an-Kopf-Rennen nt8. (similar)to be the \closest equivalent to sth etw dat am nächsten kommen\close resemblance große Ähnlichkeitto bear a \close resemblance to sb/sth jdm/etw sehr ähnlich sehen/sein9. (exact) genauto pay \close attention to sb jdm gut zuhörento pay \close attention to sth genau auf etw akk achtento keep a \close eye on sth etw gut im Auge behalten10. (secret) verschwiegenshe's very \close about her relationship was ihre Beziehung angeht, ist sie sehr verschwiegen\close secret großes Geheimnis13. (almost)\close to [or on] ... nahezu..., fast...\close to midnight kurz vor Mitternacht14. LING\close vowel geschlossener Vokal15.▶ to be \close to the bone der Wahrheit ziemlich nahekommen▶ that was a \close call! das war knapp!▶ to have had a \close shave gerade noch davongekommen seinplease come \closer kommen Sie doch näher!the election is getting \close die Wahlen stehen unmittelbar vor der Türshe came \close to getting that job fast hätte sie die Stelle bekommento come \close to blows beinahe handgreiflich werdento come \close to tears den Tränen nahekommento come \close to the truth der Wahrheit [ziemlich] nahekommento get \close to sb/sth jdm/etw nahekommento hold sb \close jdn fest an sich drückenon looking \closer bei genauerem Hinsehen▪ \close by in der Nähethe little child stood \close by his mother das kleine Kind stand dicht bei seiner Mutter▪ from \close up aus der Nähe▪ \close together dicht beieinanderplease stand \closer together können Sie vielleicht noch ein bisschen aufrücken?these appointments are too \close together diese Termine liegen einfach zu dicht aufeinanderIII. vi1. (move nearer)shares \closed at 15 dollars die Aktien erreichten eine Schlussnotierung von 15 DollarIV. n BRIT Hof m; (in street names) Straßenname für Sackgassen; (around cathedral) Domhof m; SCOT schmaler, meist offener Durchgang oder Hofclose2[kləʊz, AM kloʊz]I. vt1. (shut)▪ to \close sth etw schließento \close a book ein Buch zumachento \close a company/factory/shop einen Betrieb/eine Fabrik/einen Laden schließento \close the curtains die Vorhänge zuziehento \close the door/one's mouth/the window die Tür/seinen Mund/das Fenster zumachento \close one's eyes seine Augen zumachen [o schließen]to \close a plant/railway line ein Werk/eine Bahnstrecke stilllegento \close ranks die Reihen schließenthe party has \closed ranks on the issue die Partei nimmt dem Thema gegenüber eine geschlossene Stellung einto \close a road eine Straße sperren; ECON, FINto \close an account ein Konto auflösen2. (bring to an end)the matter is \closed der Fall ist abgeschlossenthe performance was \closed with ‘Auld Lang Syne’ die Aufführung endete mit dem Lied ‚Auld Lang Syne‘to \close a bank account ein Konto auflösento \close a case LAW einen Fall abschließento \close a deal einen Handel [ab]schließento \close a discussion eine Diskussion beendenlet's \close this discussion with a brief summary lassen Sie mich diese Diskussion mit einer kurzen Zusammenfassung abschließento \close a meeting eine Besprechung beenden▪ to \close sth etw schließento \close the gap between x and y die Kluft zwischen x und y überwinden4. ELECto \close a circuit einen Stromkreis schließen5. COMPUTto \close a file eine Datei zumachen [o schließen6.▶ to \close the stable door after the horse has bolted den Brunnen erst zudecken, wenn das Kind hineingefallen ist provII. viher eyes \closed in tiredness vor Müdigkeit fielen ihr die Augen zuthis box doesn't \close properly diese Kiste geht nicht richtig zuthe pound \closed at $1.62 das Pfund schloss mit 1,62 Dollarthe tanks \closed to within 50 metres of the frontline die Panzer kamen bis auf 50 Meter an die Front heranIII. nto come to a \close zu Ende gehen, endento draw to a \close sich dem Ende zuneigenat the \close of business bei Geschäftsschlussat the \close of trading bei Börsenschlussby the \close bei Börsenschluss3. (in cricket)* * *I [kləʊs]1. adj (+er)1) (= near) nahe (to +gen), in der Nähe ( to +gen, von)to +gen )the buildings which are close to the station — die Gebäude in der Nähe des Bahnhofs or in Bahnhofsnähe
in such close proximity (to one another) — so dicht zusammen
you're very close (in guessing etc) — du bist dicht dran
close combat — Nahkampf m
at close quarters —
he chose the closest cake — er nahm den Kuchen, der am nächsten lag
we use this pub because it's close/the closest — wir gehen in dieses Lokal, weil es in der Nähe/am nächsten ist
2) (in time) nahe (bevorstehend)nobody realized how close a nuclear war was — es war niemandem klar, wie nahe ein Atomkrieg bevorstand
they were very close (to each other) — sie waren or standen sich or einander (geh) sehr nahe
4) (= not spread out) handwriting, print eng; ranks dicht, geschlossen; (fig) argument lückenlos, stichhaltig; reasoning, game geschlossen5) (= exact, painstaking) examination, study eingehend, genau; translation originalgetreu; watch streng, scharfyou have to pay very close attention to the traffic signs —
to keep a close lookout for sb/sth — scharf nach jdm/etw Ausschau halten
7) (= almost equal) fight, result knappa close election — ein Kopf-an-Kopf-Rennen nt, eine Wahl mit knappem Ausgang
the vote/election was too close to call — der Ausgang der Abstimmung/Wahl war völlig offen
8)close on sixty/midnight — an die sechzig/kurz vor Mitternacht
2. adv (+er)nahe; (spatially also) dichtclose to the water/ground —
the closer the exams came the more nervous he got —
this pattern comes close/closest to the sort of thing we wanted — dieses Muster kommt dem, was wir uns vorgestellt haben, nahe/am nächsten
what does it look like ( from) close up? —
if you get too close up... — wenn du zu nahe herangehst...
3. n(in street names) Hof m; (of cathedral etc) Domhof m; (Scot = outside passage) offener Hausflur II [kləʊz]1. vt1) (= shut) schließen; eyes, door, shop, window, curtains also zumachen; (permanently) business, shop etc schließen; factory stilllegen; (= block) opening etc verschließen; road sperren"closed" — "geschlossen"
sorry, we're closed — tut uns leid, wir haben geschlossen or zu
to close one's eyes/ears to sth — sich einer Sache gegenüber blind/taub stellen
to close ranks ( Mil, fig ) — die Reihen schließen
to close the gap between... — die Diskrepanz zwischen... beseitigen
2) (= bring to an end) church service, meeting schließen, beenden; affair, discussion also abschließen; bank account etc auflösen; sale abschließen2. vi1) (= shut, come together) sich schließen; (door, window, box, lid, eyes, wound also) zugehen; (= can be shut) schließen, zugehen; (shop, factory) schließen, zumachen; (factory permanently) stillgelegt werdenhis eyes closed — die Augen fielen ihm zu; (in death) seine Augen schlossen sich
2) (= come to an end) schließen; (tourist season) aufhören, enden, zu Ende gehen; (THEAT, play) auslaufen3) (= approach) sich nähern, näher kommen; (boxers etc) aufeinander losgehenthe battleship closed to within 100 metres — das Kriegsschiff kam bis auf 100 Meter heran
4) (COMM: accept offer) abschließen, zu einem Abschluss kommenthe shares closed at £5 — die Aktien erreichten eine Schlussnotierung von £ 5
3. nEnde nt, Schluss mto come to a close — enden, aufhören, zu Ende gehen
to draw to a close — sich dem Ende nähern, dem Ende zugehen
to draw or bring sth to a close —
at the close (of business) — bei Geschäfts- or (St Ex) Börsenschluss
* * *1. ver-, geschlossen, (nur präd) zu2. obs von Mauern etc umgeben3. zurückgezogen, abgeschieden4. verborgen, geheim5. dumpf, schwül, stickig, drückend6. fig verschlossen, verschwiegen, zurückhaltend7. geizig, knaus(e)rig8. knapp, beschränkt:money is close das Geld ist knapp9. nicht zugänglich, nicht öffentlich, geschlossen10. dicht, fest (Gewebe etc)11. eng, (dicht) gedrängt:close handwriting enge Schrift12. knapp, kurz, bündig (Stil etc)13. kurz (Haar)14. eng (anliegend) (Kleid etc)16. stark (Ähnlichkeit)17. nah, dicht:close together dicht beieinander;a) nahe oder dicht bei,c) fig (jemandem) nahestehend, vertraut mit,this subject is very close to me dieses Thema liegt mir sehr am Herzen;close to tears den Tränen nahe;a speed close to that of sound eine Geschwindigkeit, die dicht an die Schallgrenze herankommt; → bone1 A 1, proximity, range A 518. eng (Freunde):he was a close friend of mine, we were close friends wir waren eng befreundet19. nah (Verwandte)20. fig knapp:21. fig scharf, hart, knapp:close victory knapper Sieg;close election knapper Wahlausgang;close finish scharfer Endkampf22. gespannt (Aufmerksamkeit)23. gründlich, eingehend, scharf, genau:close investigation gründliche oder eingehende Untersuchung;close observer scharfer Beobachter;24. streng, scharf:close arrest strenge Haft;close prisoner streng bewachter Gefangener;in close custody unter scharfer Bewachung;keep a close watch on scharf im Auge behalten (akk)25. streng, logisch, lückenlos (Beweisführung etc)27. MUS eng:close harmony enger SatzB adv [kləʊs] eng, nahe, dicht:a) nahe oder dicht dabei, ganz in der Nähe,close at hand nahe bevorstehend;close on two hundred fast oder annähernd zweihundert;fly close to the ground dicht am Boden fliegen;cut close ganz kurz schneiden;keep close in der Nähe bleiben;press sb close jemanden hart bedrängen;run sb close jemandem dicht auf den Fersen sein;C s [kləʊz]1. (Ab)Schluss m, Ende n:bring to a close eine Versammlung etc beenden;2. Schlusswort n3. Briefschluss m5. Handgemenge n, Kampf m6. [kləʊs] Bra) Einfriedung f, Hof m (einer Kirche, Schule etc)b) Gehege n7. [kləʊs] Br (kurze, umbaute) Sackgasse8. [kləʊs] schott Hausdurchgang m zum HofD v/t [kləʊz]1. (ab-, ver-, zu)schließen, zumachen, COMPUT eine Datei etc schließen: → closed, door Bes Redew, eye A 1, gap 6, heart Bes Redew, mind A 2, rank1 A 72. ein Loch etc verstopfen3. a) einen Betrieb, die Schule etc schließenclose a road to traffic eine Straße für den Verkehr sperren6. die Sicht versperren8. fig beenden, be-, abschließen:close a case einen Fall abschließen;close the court JUR die Verhandlung schließen;close an issue eine (strittige) Sache erledigen;close a procession einen Zug beschließen;close one’s days seine Tage beschließen (sterben);the subject was closed das Thema war beendet9. WIRTSCHa) ein Konto auflösen10. einen Handel, ein Geschäft abschließen11. einen Abstand verringern12. SCHIFF näher herangehen an (akk):close the wind an den Wind gehenE v/i [kləʊz]1. allg sich schließen (auch Lücke, Wunde etc)2. geschlossen werden3. schließen, zumachen:the shop closes at 5 o’clock4. enden, aufhören, zu Ende gehen5. schließen ( with the words mit den Worten)7. heranrücken, sich nähern:on über akk)10. sich verringern (Abstand, Strecke)* * *1. adjective1) (near in space) dicht; nahebe close to something — nahe bei od. an etwas (Dat.) sein
you're too close to the fire — du bist zu dicht od. nah am Feuer
I wish we lived closer to your parents — ich wünschte, wir würden näher bei deinen Eltern wohnen
be close to tears/breaking point — den Tränen/einem Zusammenbruch nahe sein
at close quarters, the building looked less impressive — aus der Nähe betrachtet, wirkte das Gebäude weniger imposant
2) (near in time) nahe (to an + Dat.)3) eng [Freund, Freundschaft, Beziehung, Zusammenarbeit, Verbindung]; nahe [Verwandte, Bekanntschaft]be/become close to somebody — jemandem nahe stehen/nahekommen
4) (rigorous, painstaking) eingehend, genau [Untersuchung, Prüfung, Befragung usw.]5) (stifling) stickig [Luft, Raum]; drückend, schwül [Wetter]6) (nearly equal) hart [[Wett]kampf, Spiel]; knapp [Ergebnis]that was a close call or shave or thing — (coll.) das war knapp!
7) (nearly matching) wortgetreu [Übersetzung]; getreu, genau [Imitation, Kopie]; groß [Ähnlichkeit]be the closest equivalent to something — einer Sache (Dat.) am ehesten entsprechen
8) eng [Schrift]2. adverb1) (near) nah[e]close on 2 o'clock — kurz vor 2 [Uhr]
close to somebody/something — nahe bei jemandem/etwas
don't stand so close to the edge of the cliff — stell dich nicht so nah od. dicht an den Rand des Kliffs
it brought them closer together — (fig.) es brachte sie einander näher
be/come close to tears — den Tränen nahe sein
2) fest [schließen]; genau [hinsehen]3. transitive verb1) (shut) schließen, (ugs.) zumachen [Augen, Tür, Fenster, Geschäft]; zuziehen [Vorhang]; (declare shut) schließen [Laden, Geschäft, Fabrik, Betrieb, Werk, Zeche]; stilllegen [Betrieb, Werk, Zeche, Bahnlinie]; sperren [Straße, Brücke]2) (conclude) schließen, beenden [Besprechung, Rede, Diskussion]; schließen [Versammlung, Sitzung]3) (make smaller) schließen (auch fig.) [Lücke]4. intransitive verb1) (shut) sich schließen; [Tür:] zugehen (ugs.), sich schließenthe door/lid doesn't close properly — die Tür/der Deckel schließt nicht richtig
2) [Laden, Geschäft, Fabrik:] schließen, (ugs.) zumachen; (permanently) [Betrieb, Werk, Zeche:] geschlossen od. stillgelegt werden; [Geschäft:] geschlossen werden, (ugs.) zumachen3) (come to an end) zu Ende gehen; enden; (finish speaking) schließen5. nouncome or draw to a close — zu Ende gehen
bring or draw something to a close — einer Sache (Dat.) ein Ende bereiten; etwas zu Ende bringen
2) (cul-de-sac) Sackgasse, diePhrasal Verbs:- close in- close up* * *v.abschließen v.schließen v.(§ p.,pp.: schloß, geschlossen)zumachen v. -
16 talk
A n1 (talking, gossip) ¢ propos mpl ; there is talk of sth/of doing il est question de qch/de faire, on parle de qch/de faire ; there is talk of me doing il est question que je fasse ; there is talk that on dit que, le bruit court que ; there is (a lot of) talk about sth il est (beaucoup) question de qch ; he's all talk il parle beaucoup mais agit peu ; it's nothing but ou a lot of talk ce ne sont que de belles paroles ; it's just talk ce ne sont que des paroles en l'air ; such talk is dangerous/ridiculous de tels propos sont dangereux/ridicules ; he dismissed talk of problems/defeat il a refusé de parler des problèmes/de la défaite ; they are the talk of the town on ne parle que d'eux ;2 ( conversation) conversation f, discussion f ; to have a talk with sb parler à qn ; to have a talk about sth/sb parler de qch (with avec), avoir une discussion à propos de qch (with avec) ;3 ( speech) exposé m (about, on sur) ; ( more informal) causerie f ; to give a talk faire un exposé ; radio talk exposé m à la radio.B talks npl ( formal discussions) ( between governments) discussions fpl (between entre) ; (between several groups, countries) conférence f ; ( between management and unions) négociations fpl, discussions fpl (beween entre) ; to hold talks tenir une conférence ; arms talks conférence sur le désarmement ; pay talks négociations salariales ; trade talks négociations commerciales ; talks about talks négociations pour mettre sur pied une conférence.C vtr1 ( discuss) to talk business/sport parler affaires/de sport ;2 ( speak) parler [French, Spanish etc] ; to talk nonsense raconter n'importe quoi ; she's talking sense ce qu'elle dit est plein de bon sens ; we're talking £2 million/three years ○ il faut compter deux millions de livres sterling/trois ans ; we're talking a huge investment/a major project ○ il s'agit d'un investissement énorme/d'un projet important ;3 ( persuade) to talk sb into doing persuader qn de faire ; to talk sb out of doing dissuader qn de faire ; you've talked me into it! vous m'avez convaincu! ; to talk one's way out of doing s'en tirer sans avoir à faire.D vi1 ( converse) parler, discuter ; to talk to ou with sb parler à or avec qn ; to talk to oneself parler tout seul ; to talk about sth/about doing parler de qch/de faire ; to talk at sb parler à qn sans l'écouter ; to keep sb talking faire parler qn aussi longtemps que possible ; I'm not talking to him ( out of pique) je ne lui parle plus ; talking of films/tennis… à propos de films/tennis… ; he knows/he doesn't know what he's talking about il sait/il ne sait pas de quoi il parle ; it's easy ou all right for you to talk, but you don't have to do it! tu peux parler, mais ce n'est pas toi qui dois le faire! ; who am I to talk? remarque, je peux parler! ; look ou listen who's talking!, you're a fine one to talk!, you can talk! tu peux parler! ; now you're talking! eh bien voilà! ; talk about stupid/expensive ○ ! comme idiotie/comme prix élevé, ça se pose un peu là ○ ! ; talk about laugh/work ○ ! qu'est-ce qu'on a ri/travaillé! ;2 ( gossip) parler, bavarder ; péj jaser ; to give people sth to talk about donner aux gens matière à jaser ;3 ( give information) [person, prisoner, suspect] parler.■ talk back répondre (insolemment) (to à).■ talk down:▶ talk down to sb parler à qn avec condescendance ;▶ talk [sb/sth] down1 Aviat aider [qn/qch] à atterrir en le guidant par radio [pilot, plane] ;2 ( denigrate) dénigrer.■ talk out:▶ talk [sth] out, talk out [sth]1 ( discuss) discuter or parler de [qch] à fond ;2 GB Pol ( prevent passing of) to talk out a bill prolonger la discussion d'un projet de loi (de manière à ce que le vote n'ait pas lieu).■ talk over:▶ talk [sb] over ( persuade) faire changer [qn] d'avis.■ talk round:▶ talk round [sth] tourner autour de [subject] ;▶ talk [sb] round faire changer [qn] d'avis.■ talk through:▶ talk [sth] through discuter de [qch] tranquillement ; to talk it through en discuter tranquillement.■ talk up:▶ talk [sb/sth] up, talk up [sb/sth] vanter (les mérites de) [candidate, product]. -
17 group
-
18 dispute
dispute [dɪsˈpju:t]1. nouna. ( = controversy) discussion f• beyond dispute [fact] incontestableb. ( = quarrel) différend mc. (Industry) conflit ma. ( = cast doubt on) [+ statement, claim] contester• I do not dispute the fact that... je ne conteste pas que... + subjb. ( = debate) [+ question, subject] discuter* * *[dɪ'spjuːt] 1.1) ( quarrel) ( between individuals) dispute f; ( between groups) conflit m (over, about à propos de)2) [U] ( controversy) controverse f (over, about sur)2.to be/not to be in dispute — [fact] être/ne pas être controversé
transitive verb1) ( question truth of) contester [claim, figures]2) ( claim possession of) se disputer [property, title] -
19 close
1) ( short distance) nah[e];let's go to the \closest pub lasst uns in die nächste Kneipe gehen!;to be \close to sth in der Nähe einer S. gen liegen;our guest-house was \close to the sea unsere Pension war nicht weit vom Meer entfernt;\close combat Nahkampf m;\close to the ground dicht über dem Boden;in \close proximity in unmittelbarer Nähe;at \close quarters aus der Nähe [betrachtet];at \close range aus kurzer Entfernung;\close together nahe [o dicht] beieinander2) ( near)to be \close to exhaustion total erschöpft sein;to be \close to perfection so gut wie perfekt sein;to be \close to tears den Tränen nahe sein3) ( near in time) nahe [bevorstehend];it's \close to X-Mas Weihnachten steht vor der Tür;war is \close ein Krieg steht unmittelbar bevor;\close together nahe [o dicht] beieinander4) ( intimate)to be \close to sb jdm nahestehen;my brother and I have always been very \close mein Bruder und ich standen uns schon immer sehr nahe;... because of their \close links with terrorist groups... wegen ihrer engen Verbindung zu Terrorgruppen;\close bond enges Band;\close co-operation enge Zusammenarbeit;just \close family nur die nächsten Verwandten;\close friend enger Freund/enge Freundin;\close friendship enge Freundschaft;\close links eine enge Verbindung;\close relatives nahe Verwandte5) ( little space between) eng;\close handwriting enge Schrift;ten pages of \close print zehn eng bedruckte Seiten;\close ranks geschlossene Reihen;\close weave dichtes Gewebe;\close argument stichhaltiges Argument;\close reasoning geschlossene Argumentation7) ( almost equal) knapp;the race is going to be a \close contest das wird ein Kopf-an-Kopf-Rennen!;the election was too \close a call der Ausgang der Wahl war völlig offen;\close race Kopf-an-Kopf-Rennen nt8) ( similar)to be \closest equivalent to sth etw dat am nächsten kommen;\close resemblance große Ähnlichkeit;to bear a \close resemblance to sb/ sth jdm/etw sehr ähnlich sehen/sein9) ( exact) genau;to pay \close attention to sb jdm gut zuhören;to pay \close attention to sth genau auf etw akk achten;to keep a \close eye on sth etw gut im Auge behaltenshe's very \close about her relationship was ihre Beziehung angeht, ist sie sehr verschwiegen;\close secret großes Geheimnis11) (airless, stifling) schwül;( in room) stickig\close to [or on] ... nahezu..., fast...;\close to midnight kurz vor Mitternacht\close vowel geschlossener VokalPHRASES:to be \close to the bone der Wahrheit ziemlich nahe kommen;that was a \close call! das war knapp!;that was too \close for comfort! das ging gerade nochmal gut!;( distance)she lives too \close for comfort sie wohnt näher als ihr lieb ist;that was a \close shave! das war knapp! ( fam)to have had a \close shave gerade noch davongekommen sein adv( near in location) nahe;( near in time) nahe [bevorstehend];please come \closer kommen Sie doch näher!;the election is getting \close die Wahlen stehen unmittelbar vor der Tür;she came \close to getting that job fast hätte sie die Stelle bekommen;to come \close to blows beinahe handgreiflich werden;to come \close to tears den Tränen nahekommen;to come \close to the truth der Wahrheit nahekommen;to get \close to sb/ sth jdm/etw nahekommen;to hold sb \close jdn fest an sich drücken;on looking \closer bei genauerem Hinsehen;\close by in der Nähe;the little child stood \close by his mother das kleine Kind stand dicht bei seiner Mutter;from \close up aus der Nähe;\close together dicht beieinander;please stand \close together können Sie vielleicht noch ein bisschen aufrücken?;these appointments are too \close together diese Termine liegen einfach zu dicht aufeinanderPHRASES:to \close on sb/ an animal sich akk jdm/einem Tier bedrohlich nähern n ( Brit) Hof m; ( in street names) Straßenname für Sackgassen ( around cathedral) Domhof m; ( Scot) schmaler, meist offener Durchgang oder Hof1) ( shut)to \close sth etw schließen;to \close a book ein Buch zumachen;to \close the curtains die Vorhänge zuziehen;to \close one's eyes seine Augen zumachen [o schließen];to \close a plant/ railway line ein Werk/eine Bahnstrecke stilllegen;to \close ranks die Reihen schließen;the party has \closed ranks on the issue die Partei nimmt dem Thema gegenüber eine geschlossene Stellung ein;to \close a road eine Straße sperren2) ( bring to an end)the matter is \closed der Fall ist abgeschlossen;the performance was \closed with ‘Auld Lang Syne’ die Aufführung endete mit dem Lied ‚Auld Lang Syne‘;to \close a bank account ein Konto auflösen;to \close a case law einen Fall abschließen;case \closed a. law der Fall ist abgeschlossen;to \close a deal einen Handel [ab]schließen;to \close a discussion eine Diskussion beenden;let's \close this discussion with a brief summary lassen Sie mich diese Diskussion mit einer kurzen Zusammenfassung abschließen;to \close a meeting ein Besprechung beenden3) ( make smaller)to \close sth etw schließen;to \close the gap between x and y die Kluft zwischen x und y überwinden4) electo \close a circuit einen Stromkreis schließen5) computto \close a file eine Datei zumachen [o schließen];PHRASES:to \close the stable door after the horse has bolted den Brunnen erst zudecken, wenn das Kind hineingefallen ist ( prov) viher eyes \closed in tiredness vor Müdigkeit fielen ihr die Augen zu;this box doesn't \close properly diese Kiste geht nicht richtig zuthe pound \closed at $1.62 das Pfund schloss mit 1,62 Dollarthe tanks \closed to within 50 metres of the frontline die Panzer kamen bis auf 50 Meter an die Front heran nto come to a \close zu Ende gehen, enden;to draw to a \close sich dem Ende zuneigen;at the \close of business bei Geschäftsschluss;2) ( cricket)the \close Ende des Spieltages beim Kricket -
20 get
❢ This much-used verb has no multi-purpose equivalent in French and therefore is very often translated by choosing a synonym: to get lunch = to prepare lunch = préparer le déjeuner. get is used in many idiomatic expressions ( to get something off one's chest etc) and translations will be found in the appropriate entry (chest etc). This is also true of offensive comments ( get stuffed etc) where the appropriate entry would be stuff. Remember that when get is used to express the idea that a job is done not by you but by somebody else ( to get a room painted etc) faire is used in French followed by an infinitive ( faire repeindre une pièce etc). When get has the meaning of become and is followed by an adjective (to get rich/drunk etc) devenir is sometimes useful but check the appropriate entry (rich, drunk etc) as a single verb often suffices ( s'enrichir, s'enivrer etc). For examples and further uses of get see the entry below.1 ( receive) recevoir [letter, school report, grant] ; recevoir, percevoir [salary, pension] ; TV, Radio capter [channel, programme] ; did you get much for it? est-ce que tu en as tiré beaucoup d'argent? ; what did you get for your car? combien as-tu revendu ta voiture? ; we get a lot of rain il pleut beaucoup ici ; our garden gets a lot of sun notre jardin est bien ensoleillé ; we get a lot of tourists nous avons beaucoup de touristes ; you get lots of attachments with this cleaner il y a beaucoup d'accessoires fournis avec cet aspirateur ; you get what you pay for il faut y mettre le prix ; he's getting help with his science il se fait aider en sciences ;2 ( inherit) to get sth from sb lit hériter qch de qn [article, money] ; fig tenir qch de qn [trait, feature] ;3 ( obtain) ( by applying) obtenir [permission, divorce, custody, licence] ; trouver [job] ; ( by contacting) trouver [plumber, accountant] ; appeler [taxi] ; ( by buying) acheter [food item, clothing] (from chez) ; avoir [theatre seat, ticket] ; to get something for nothing/at a discount avoir qch gratuitement/avec une réduction ; to get sb sth, to get sth for sb ( by buying) acheter qch à qn ; I'll get sth to eat at the airport je mangerai qch à l'aéroport ;4 ( subscribe to) acheter [newspaper] ;5 ( acquire) se faire [reputation] ; he got his money in oil il s'est fait de l'argent dans le pétrole ;6 ( achieve) obtenir [grade, mark, answer] ; he got it right ( of calculation) il a obtenu le bon résultat ; ( of answer) il a répondu juste ; how many do I need to get? ( when scoring) il me faut combien? ; he's got four more points to get il faut encore qu'il obtienne quatre points ;7 ( fetch) chercher [object, person, help] ; go and get a chair/Mr Matthews va chercher une chaise/M. Matthews ; to get sb sth, to get sth for sb aller chercher qch pour qn ; get her a chair va lui chercher une chaise ; can I get you your coat? est-ce que je peux vous apporter votre manteau? ;8 (manoeuvre, move) to get sb/sth upstairs/downstairs faire monter/descendre qn/qch ; a car to me is just something to get me from A to B pour moi une voiture ne sert qu'à aller de A à B ; I'll get them there somehow je les ferai parvenir d'une façon ou d'une autre ; can you get between the truck and the wall? est-ce que tu peux te glisser entre le camion et le mur? ;9 ( help progress) is this discussion getting us anywhere? est-ce que cette discussion est bien utile? ; I listened to him and where has it got me? je l'ai écouté mais à quoi ça m'a avancé? ; this is getting us nowhere ça ne nous avance à rien ; where will that get you? à quoi ça t'avancera? ;10 ( contact) did you manage to get Harry on the phone? tu as réussi à avoir Harry au téléphone? ;12 ( prepare) préparer [breakfast, lunch etc] ;13 ( take hold of) attraper [person] (by à) ; I've got you, don't worry je te tiens, ne t'inquiète pas ; to get sth from ou off prendre qch sur [shelf, table] ; to get sth from ou out of prendre qch dans [drawer, cupboard] ;14 ○ ( oblige to give) to get sth from ou out of sb faire sortir qch à qn [money] ; fig obtenir qch de qn [truth] ;15 ○ ( catch) gen arrêter [escapee] ; got you! gen je t'ai eu! ; ( caught in act) vu! ; a shark got him un requin l'a eu ; when I get you, you won't find it so funny quand tu auras affaire ○ à moi, tu trouveras ça moins drôle ;17 ( use as transport) prendre [bus, train] ;18 ( have) to have got avoir [object, money, friend etc] ; I've got a headache/bad back j'ai mal à la tête/au dos ;19 ( start to have) to get (hold of) the idea ou impression that se mettre dans la tête que ;20 ( suffer) to get a surprise être surpris ; to get a shock avoir un choc ; to get a bang on the head recevoir un coup sur la tête ;21 ( be given as punishment) prendre [five years etc] ; avoir [fine] ; to get (a) detention être collé ○ ;22 ( hit) to get sb/sth with toucher qn/qch avec [stone, arrow, ball] ; got it! ( of target) touché! ; the arrow got him in the heel la flèche l'a touché au talon ;23 (understand, hear) comprendre ; I didn't get what you said/his last name je n'ai pas compris ce que tu as dit/son nom de famille ; did you get it? tu as compris? ; now let me get this right… alors si je comprends bien… ; ‘where did you hear that?’-‘I got it from Paul’ ‘où est-ce que tu as entendu ça?’-‘c'est Paul qui me l'a dit’ ; get this! he was arrested this morning tiens-toi bien! il a été arrêté ce matin ;24 ○ (annoy, affect) what gets me is… ce qui m'agace c'est que… ; what really got me was… ce que je n'aimais pas c'était… ;25 (learn, learn of) to get to do ○ finir par faire ; to get to like sb finir par apprécier qn ; how did you get to know ou hear of our organization? comment avez-vous entendu parler de notre organisation? ; we got to know them last year on a fait leur connaissance l'année dernière ;26 ( have opportunity) to get to do avoir l'occasion de faire ; do you get to use the computer? est-ce que tu as l'occasion d'utiliser l'ordinateur? ; it's not fair, I never get to drive the tractor ce n'est pas juste, on ne me laisse jamais conduire le tracteur ; when do we get to eat the cake? quand est-ce qu'on va pouvoir manger le gâteau? ;27 ( start) to get (to be) commencer à devenir ; he's getting to be proficient ou an expert il commence à devenir expert ; it got to be quite unpleasant ça a commencé à devenir plutôt désagréable ; he's getting to be a big boy now c'est un grand garçon maintenant ; to get to doing ○ commencer à faire ; we got to talking/dreaming about the holidays on a commencé à parler/rêver des vacances ; then I got to thinking that puis je me suis dit que ; we'll have to get going il va falloir y aller ;28 ( must) to have got to do devoir faire [homework, chore] ; it's got to be done il faut le faire ; you've got to realize that il faut que tu te rendes compte que ; if I've got to go, I will s'il faut que j'y aille, j'irai ; there's got to be a reason il doit y avoir une raison ;29 ( persuade) to get sb to do demander à qn de faire ; I got her to talk about her problems j'ai réussi à la faire parler de ses problèmes ; did you get anything out of her? est-ce que tu as réussi à la faire parler? ;30 ( have somebody do) to get sth done faire faire qch ; to get the car repaired/valeted faire réparer/nettoyer la voiture ; to get one's hair cut se faire couper les cheveux ; how do you ever get anything done? comment est-ce que tu arrives à travailler? ;31 ( cause) to get the car going faire démarrer la voiture ; to get the dishes washed faire la vaisselle ; this won't get the dishes washed! la vaisselle ne se fera pas toute seule! ; to get sb pregnant ○ mettre qn enceinte ○ ; as hot/cold as you can get it aussi chaud/froid que possible ; to get one's socks wet mouiller ses chaussettes ; to get one's finger trapped se coincer le doigt.1 ( become) devenir [suspicious, rich, old] ; how lucky/stupid can you get! il y en a qui ont de la chance/qui sont vraiment stupides! ; it's getting late il se fait tard ; how did he get like that? comment est-ce qu'il en est arrivé là? ;2 ( forming passive) to get (oneself) killed/trapped se faire tuer/coincer ; to get hurt être blessé ;3 ( become involved in) to get into ○ ( as hobby) se mettre à [astrology etc] ; ( as job) commencer dans [teaching, publishing] ; fig to get into a fight se battre ;4 ( arrive) to get there arriver ; to get to the airport/Switzerland arriver à l'aéroport/en Suisse ; to get (up) to the top ( of hill etc) arriver au sommet ; how did your coat get here? comment est-ce que ton manteau est arrivé là? ; how did you get here? ( by what miracle) comment est-ce que tu es arrivé là? ; ( by what means) comment est-ce que tu es venu? ; where did you get to? où est-ce que tu étais passé? ; we've got to page 5 nous en sommes à la page 5 ;5 ( progress) it got to 7 o'clock il était plus de 7 heures ; I'd got as far as underlining the title j'en étais à souligner le titre ; I'm getting nowhere with this essay je n'avance pas dans ma dissertation ; are you getting anywhere with your investigation? est-ce que votre enquête avance? ; now we're getting somewhere ( making progress) on avance vraiment ; ( receiving fresh lead) voilà quelque chose d'intéressant ; it's a slow process but we're getting there c'est un processus lent, mais on avance ; it's not perfect yet but we're getting there ce n'est pas encore parfait mais on avance ;get ○ ! fiche-moi le camp ○ ! ; get along with you ○ ! ne sois pas ridicule! ; get away with you ○ ! arrête de raconter n'importe quoi ○ ! ; get her ○ ! regarde-moi ça! ; get him ○ in that hat! regarde-le avec ce chapeau! ; he got his ○ ( was killed) il a cassé sa pipe ○ ; I'll get you ○ for that je vais te le faire payer ○ ; I'm getting there je progresse ; it gets me right here! tu vas me faire pleurer! ; I've/he's got it bad ○ je suis/il est vraiment mordu ; I've got it je sais ; to get above oneself commencer à avoir la grosse tête ○ ; to get it together ○ se ressaisir ; to get it up ● bander ●, avoir une érection ; to get one's in ○ US prendre sa revanche ; to tell sb where to get off envoyer qn promener ; to get with it ○ se mettre dans le coup ○ ; what's got into her/them? qu'est-ce qui lui/leur a pris? ; where does he get off ○ ? pour qui se prend-il? ; you've got me there! alors là tu me poses une colle ○ !1 ( manage to move) se déplacer (by doing en faisant) ; she doesn't get about very well now elle a du mal à se déplacer maintenant ;2 ( travel) voyager, se déplacer ; do you get about much in your job? vous voyagez beaucoup pour votre travail? ; he gets about a bit ( travels) il voyage pas mal ; ( knows people) il connaît du monde ;3 ( be spread) [news] se répandre ; [rumour] courir, se répandre ; it got about that la nouvelle s'est répandue que, le bruit a couru que.■ get across:1 ( pass to other side) traverser ;2 ( be communicated) [message] passer ;▶ get [sth] across1 ( transport) how will we get it across? (over stream, gap etc) comment est-ce qu'on le/la fera passer de l'autre côté? ; I'll get a copy across to you (in separate office, building etc) je vous en ferai parvenir un exemplaire ;2 ( communicate) faire passer [message, meaning] (to à) ;2 ( go too fast) let's not get ahead of ourselves n'anticipons pas.1 ( progress) how's the project getting along? comment est-ce que le projet se présente? ; how are you getting along? ( in job) comment ça se passe? ; ( to sick or old person) comment ça va? ; ( in school subject) comment est-ce que ça se passe? ;2 ( cope) s'en sortir ; we can't get along without a computer/him on ne s'en sortira pas sans ordinateur/lui ;3 ( be suited as friends) bien s'entendre (with avec) ;4 (go) I must be getting along il faut que j'y aille.■ get around:1 (move, spread) = get about ;2 to get around to doing: she'll get around to visiting us eventually elle va bien finir par venir nous voir ; I must get around to reading his article il faut vraiment que je lise son article ; I haven't got around to it yet je n'ai pas encore eu le temps de m'en occuper ;▶ get around [sth] ( circumvent) contourner [problem, law] ; there's no getting around it il n'y a rien à faire.■ get at ○:▶ get at [sb /sth]1 ( reach) atteindre [object] ; arriver jusqu'à [person] ; fig découvrir [truth] ; let me get at her ( in anger) laissez-moi lui régler son compte ○ ;2 ( spoil) the ants have got at the sugar les fourmis ont attaqué le sucre ;3 ( criticize) être après [person] ;4 ( intimidate) intimider [witness] ;5 ( insinuate) what are you getting at? où est-ce que tu veux en venir?■ get away:▶ get away1 ( leave) partir ;3 fig ( escape unpunished) to get away with a crime échapper à la justice ; you'll never get away with it! tu ne vas pas t'en tirer comme ça! ; he mustn't be allowed to get away with it il ne faut pas qu'il s'en tire à si bon compte ; she can get away with bright colours elle peut se permettre de porter des couleurs vives ;▶ get [sb/sth] away ( for break) emmener [qn] se changer les idées ; to get sb away from a bad influence tenir qn à l'écart d'une mauvaise influence ; to get sth away from sb retirer qch à qn [weapon, dangerous object].▶ get away from [sth]1 ( leave) quitter [town] ; I must get away from here ou this place! il faut que je parte d'ici! ; ‘get away from it all’ ( in advert) ‘évadez-vous de votre quotidien’ ;■ get back:▶ get back2 ( move backwards) reculer ; get back! reculez! ;▶ get back to [sth]1 ( return to) rentrer à [house, city] ; revenir à [office, centre, point] ; we got back to Belgium nous sommes rentrés en Belgique ; when we get back to London à notre retour à Londres ;2 ( return to former condition) revenir à [teaching, publishing] ; to get back to sleep se rendormir ; to get back to normal redevenir normal ;3 ( return to earlier stage) revenir à [main topic, former point] ; to get back to your problem,… pour en revenir à votre problème,… ;▶ get back to [sb]1 ( return to) revenir à [group, person] ;2 ( on telephone) I'll get right back to you je vous rappelle tout de suite ;▶ get [sb/sth] back1 ( return) ( personally) ramener [object, person] ; ( by post etc) renvoyer ; Sport ( in tennis etc) renvoyer [ball] ; when they got him back to his cell quand ils l'ont ramené dans sa cellule ;2 ( regain) récupérer [lost object, loaned item] ; fig reprendre [strength] ; she got her money back elle a été remboursée ; she got her old job back on lui a redonné son travail ; he got his girlfriend back il s'est remis avec sa petite amie ○.■ get behind:▶ get behind ( delayed) prendre du retard ;▶ get behind [sth] se mettre derrière [hedge, sofa etc].■ get by1 ( pass) passer ;2 ( survive) se débrouiller (on, with avec) ; we'll never get by without him/them nous ne nous en sortirons jamais sans lui/eux.■ get down:▶ get down1 ( descend) descendre (from, out of de) ;2 ( leave table) quitter la table ;3 ( lower oneself) ( to floor) se coucher ; ( to crouching position) se baisser ; to get down on one's knees s'agenouiller ; to get down to ( descend to reach) arriver à [lower level etc] ; atteindre [trapped person etc] ; ( apply oneself to) se mettre à [work] ; to get down to the pupils' level fig se mettre à la portée des élèves ; let's get down to business parlons affaires ; when you get right down to it quand on regarde d'un peu plus près ; to get down to doing se mettre à faire ;▶ get down [sth] descendre [slope] ; if we get down the mountain alive si nous arrivons vivants en bas de la montagne ; when we got down the hill quand nous nous sommes retrouvés en bas de la colline ;▶ get [sth] down, get down [sth]1 ( from height) descendre [book, jar etc] ;2 ( swallow) avaler [medicine, pill] ;3 ( record) noter [speech, dictation] ;▶ get [sb] down1 ( from height) faire descendre [person] ;2 ○ ( depress) déprimer [person].■ get in:▶ get in2 fig ( participate) to get in on réussir à s'introduire dans [project, scheme] ; to get in on the deal ○ faire partie du coup ;3 ( return home) rentrer ;4 ( arrive at destination) [train, coach] arriver ;5 ( penetrate) [water, sunlight] pénétrer ;8 ( associate) to get in with se mettre bien avec [person] ; he's got in with a bad crowd il traîne avec des gens peu recommandables ;▶ get [sth] in, get in [sth]1 ( buy in) acheter [supplies] ;2 ( fit into space) I can't get the drawer in je n'arrive pas à faire rentrer le tiroir ;5 (deliver, hand in) rendre [essay, competition entry] ;6 ( include) (in article, book) placer [section, remark, anecdote] ; he got in a few punches il a distribué quelques coups ;7 ( fit into schedule) faire [tennis, golf] ; I'll try to get in a bit of tennis ○ j'essayerai de faire un peu de tennis ;▶ get [sb] in faire entrer [person].■ get into:▶ get into [sth]2 ( be admitted) ( as member) devenir membre de [club] ; ( as student) être admis à [school, university] ; I didn't know what I was getting into fig je ne savais pas dans quoi je m'embarquais ;▶ get [sb/sth] into faire entrer [qn/qch] dans [good school, building, room, space].■ get off:▶ get off1 ( from bus etc) descendre (at à) ;2 ( start on journey) partir ;3 ( leave work) finir ;4 ○ ( escape punishment) s'en tirer (with avec) ;5 to get off to partir pour [destination] ; did they get off to school OK? est-ce qu'ils sont partis sans problèmes pour l'école? ; ( make headway) to get off to a good/poor start prendre un bon/mauvais départ ; to get off to sleep s'endormir ; to get off on doing ○ péj ( get buzz from) prendre plaisir à faire ; to get off with, GB rencontrer, ramasser ○ pej [person] ;▶ get off [sth]1 ( climb down from) descendre de [wall, ledge] ;2 ( alight from) descendre de [bus etc] ;3 ( remove oneself from) get off my nice clean floor/the grass ne marche pas sur mon sol tout propre/la pelouse ;▶ get [sb/sth] off2 ( dispatch) envoyer [parcel, letter, person] ; I've got the children off to school j'ai envoyé les enfants à l'école ;3 ( remove) enlever [stain] ;4 ○ ( send to sleep) endormir [baby].■ get on:▶ get on1 ( climb aboard) monter (at à) ;2 ( work) get on a bit faster/more sensibly travaille un peu plus vite/plus sérieusement ;3 ( continue with work) let's get on! continuons! ;4 GB ( like each other) bien s'entendre ;5 ( fare) how did you get on? comment est-ce que ça s'est passé? ;6 ( cope) how are you getting on? comment est-ce que tu t'en sors? ;7 GB ( approach) he's getting on for 40 il approche des quarante ans ; it's getting on for midnight il est presque minuit ; there are getting on for 80 people ○ il y a presque 80 personnes ;8 ( grow late) time's getting on le temps passe ;9 ( grow old) to be getting on a bit commencer à vieillir ;▶ get [sth] on, get on [sth] ( put on) mettre [boots, clothing] ; monter [tyre] ; mettre [lid, tap washer etc].■ get onto:▶ get onto [sth]1 ( board) monter dans [vehicle] ;2 ( be appointed) être nommé à [Board] ;3 ( start to discuss) arriver à parler de [topic, subject] ;■ get on with:▶ get on with [sth] ( continue to do) to get on with one's work/with preparing the meal continuer à travailler/à préparer le repas ; let's get on with the job! au travail! ;▶ get on with [sb] GB s'entendre avec [person].■ get out:▶ get out1 ( exit) sortir (through, by par) ; get out and don't come back! va-t'en et ne reviens pas! ; they'll never get out alive ils ne s'en sortiront jamais vivants ;2 ( make social outing) sortir ; you should get out more tu devrais sortir plus ;3 (resign, leave) partir ;4 ( alight) descendre ;6 ( leak) [news] être révélé ;▶ get [sth] out, get out [sth]1 ( bring out) sortir [handkerchief, ID card] ;3 ( erase) enlever [stain] ;4 ( take on loan) emprunter [library book] ;5 ( produce) sortir [plans, product] ;6 ( utter) I couldn't get the words out les mots ne voulaient pas sortir ;7 ( solve) faire [puzzle] ;▶ get [sb] out ( release) faire libérer [prisoner] ; to get sb out of sth ( free from detention) ( personally) libérer qn de qch ; ( by persuasion) faire libérer qn de qch [prisoner] ; to get sth out of sth ( bring out) sortir qch de qch [handkerchief etc] ; ( find and remove) récupérer qch dans qch [required object, stuck object] ; I can't get it out of my mind je ne peux pas l'effacer de mon esprit.■ get out of:▶ get out of [sth]1 ( exit from) sortir de [building, bed] ;2 ( alight from) descendre de [vehicle] ;3 ( leave at end of) sortir de [meeting] ;4 ( be freed from) être libéré de [prison] ;5 ( withdraw from) quitter [organization] ; échapper à [responsibilities] ; he's got out of oil ○ ( as investment) il a vendu toutes ses actions dans le pétrole ;6 ( avoid doing) s'arranger pour ne pas aller à [appointment, meeting] ; I'll try to get out of it j'essaierai de me libérer ; I accepted the invitation and now I can't get out of it j'ai accepté l'invitation et maintenant je ne peux pas me défiler ○ ; to get out of doing s'arranger pour ne pas faire ;7 ( no longer do) perdre [habit] ;8 ( gain from) what do you get out of your job? qu'est-ce que ton travail t'apporte? ; what will you get out of it? qu'est-ce que vous en retirerez?■ get over:▶ get over [sth]1 ( cross) traverser [bridge, stream] ;2 ( recover from) se remettre de [illness, shock] ; to get over the fact that se remettre du fait que ; I can't get over it ( in amazement) je n'en reviens pas ; I couldn't get over how she looked ça m'a fait un choc de la voir comme ça ; I can't get over how you've grown je n'en reviens pas de ce que tu as grandi ;3 ( surmount) surmonter [problem] ; to get sth over with en finir avec qch ; let's get it over with finissons-en ;4 ( stop loving) oublier ; she never got over him elle ne l'a jamais oublié ;▶ get [sb/sth] over1 ( cause to cross) faire passer [injured person, object] ; faire passer [qn/ qch] au-dessus de [bridge, wall etc] ;2 ( cause to arrive) get the plumber over here at once faites venir tout de suite le plombier ;3 ( communicate) faire passer [message].■ get round GB:▶ get round = get around ;▶ get round [sth] = get around [sth] ;▶ get round ○ [sb] persuader [qn], avoir [qn] au sentiment ○ ; can't you get round him? est-ce que tu ne peux pas le persuader? ; she easily gets round her father elle fait tout ce qu'elle veut de son père.■ get through:1 ( squeeze through) passer ;2 Telecom to get through to sb avoir qn au téléphone ; I couldn't get through je n'ai pas réussi à l'avoir ;4 ( arrive) [news, supplies] arriver ;5 ( survive) s'en sortir (by doing en faisant) ;▶ get through [sth]1 ( make way through) traverser [checkpoint, mud] ;3 ( survive mentally) I thought I'd never get through the week j'ai cru que je ne tiendrais pas la semaine ;4 ( complete successfully) [candidate, competitor] réussir à [exam, qualifying round] ; I got through the interview l'entretien s'est bien passé ;5 (consume, use) manger [supply of food] ; boire [supply of drink] ; dépenser [money] ; I get through two notebooks a week il me faut or j'use deux carnets par semaine ;▶ get [sb/sth] through1 ( squeeze through) faire passer [car, object, person] ;2 ( help to endure) [pills, encouragement, strength of character] aider [qn] à continuer ; her advice/these pills got me through the day ses conseils/ces comprimés m'ont aidé à tenir le coup ○ ;3 ( help through frontier etc) faire passer [person, imported goods] ;5 Pol faire passer [bill].■ get together:▶ get together ( assemble) se réunir (about, over pour discuter de) ;▶ get [sb/sth] together, get together [sb/sth]1 ( assemble) réunir [different people, groups] ;3 ( form) former [company, action group].■ get under:▶ get under passer en-dessous ;▶ get under [sth] passer sous [barrier, floorboards etc].■ get up:▶ get up1 (from bed, chair etc) se lever (from de) ; get up off the grass! ne reste pas sur l'herbe! ;2 (on horse, ledge etc) monter ; how did you get up there? comment est-ce que tu es monté là-haut? ;4 to get up to ( reach) arriver à [page, upper floor] ; what did you get up to? fig ( sth enjoyable) qu'est-ce que tu as fait de beau? ; ( sth mischievous) qu'est-ce que tu as fabriqué ○ ? ;▶ get up [sth]1 arriver en haut de [hill, ladder] ;2 ( increase) augmenter [speed] ;3 (start, muster) former [group] ; faire [petition] ; obtenir [support, sympathy] ;▶ get [sth] up organiser ;
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